1. Noble Savage vs. Civilized White: American Indians were often depicted as "noble savages" who lived in harmony with nature and had inherent wisdom. This romanticized view emphasized their closeness to the land and spiritual beliefs. In contrast, whites were portrayed as the epitome of civilization, progress, and technological advancement.
2. Stoic vs. Emotional: American Indians were frequently portrayed as stoic, unemotional, and reserved individuals who rarely showed strong emotions. This stereotype contrasted with the perceived emotional expressiveness of whites, who were seen as more open and communicative.
3. Physical Appearance: Physical descriptions of American Indians often highlighted their distinct features such as dark skin, prominent cheekbones, and long, straight hair. These descriptions were often contrasted with the fairer skin, European features, and elaborate hairstyles associated with whites.
4. Language and Communication: American Indians were often depicted as speaking broken English or using sign language, reinforcing the idea of them as "primitives." In contrast, whites were portrayed as articulate and well-spoken, using proper English grammar and pronunciation.
5. Cultural Practices and Beliefs: American Indian religious beliefs, ceremonies, and traditions were often portrayed as exotic, mysterious, and sometimes even savage. In contrast, white Christian practices and beliefs were presented as the normative and superior religious framework.
6. Roles and Occupations: American Indians were frequently depicted in roles such as warriors, hunters, and guides, reinforcing their association with nature and physical labor. Whites, on the other hand, were often portrayed in positions of power and authority, such as government officials, landowners, and military leaders.
7. Historical Narratives: Dominant narratives often portrayed American Indians as obstacles to westward expansion and civilization. Their resistance to colonization and displacement was often characterized as savage and barbaric, while white conquest and settlement were justified as progress and destiny.
Over time, these contrasting portrayals contributed to the marginalization and dehumanization of American Indians, perpetuating stereotypes and fueling discrimination and prejudice. However, contemporary literature and media have made significant efforts to challenge these stereotypes and present more nuanced and accurate representations of American Indian cultures, histories, and experiences.