Social inequality: Cuba was characterized by a highly unequal distribution of wealth and resources. The country's economy was largely controlled by foreign interests, particularly American corporations, which dominated sectors such as sugar production and tourism. This resulted in widespread poverty and social disparities, with the majority of the population living in poor and rural areas.
Political oppression: Batista's government was authoritarian and repressive, characterized by widespread human rights abuses, corruption, and censorship. The lack of democratic institutions and civil liberties fueled discontent among the Cuban people.
Influence of Marxism: Marxist ideas gained traction in Cuba, especially among intellectuals and students, who saw socialism as a viable alternative to the existing socio-economic system. Inspired by the Cuban Communist Party, revolutionary movements emerged, including the 26th of July Movement led by Fidel Castro.
Support from urban professionals and intellectuals: In addition to the rural peasantry, the Cuban Revolution received significant support from urban professionals, intellectuals, and students. Many of them were motivated by a desire for social justice and a more equitable society.
The charisma and leadership of Fidel Castro: Fidel Castro emerged as a charismatic and inspiring leader who was able to unite various opposition groups under the banner of the Cuban Revolution. His tactical prowess and ability to build a strong revolutionary army contributed to the success of the movement.
Role of the Sierra Maestra: The Sierra Maestra mountain range in eastern Cuba played a strategic role in the Cuban Revolution. It served as a base for the rebels, who conducted guerrilla warfare against Batista's forces. The Sierra Maestra also provided a sanctuary where the rebels could train and regroup.
US involvement: The United States had a significant influence on Cuban politics and society. While initially supportive of Batista's government, the US grew concerned about the increasingly repressive nature of his regime. However, the US was reluctant to intervene directly, which ultimately contributed to the success of the Cuban Revolution.
These factors combined to create the conditions for the Cuban Revolution and ultimately led to the establishment of a socialist government in Cuba under Fidel Castro.