European contact began in 1642 when Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted the country's western coastline. In subsequent centuries, European explorers, traders, and missionaries arrived in the region.
In 1769, British explorer James Cook charted New Zealand's coastline, and by the early 19th century, European settlers started arriving in large numbers. The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, establishing British sovereignty over New Zealand.
During the latter half of the 19th century, the country experienced significant growth and expansion. Gold discoveries led to a population surge, and towns and cities were established throughout New Zealand.
New Zealand became a self-governing dominion within the British Empire in 1907 and achieved full independence in 1947. Throughout the 20th century, the country underwent political, social, and cultural transformations, including the strengthening of its welfare system and the establishment of a multicultural society.
In recent decades, New Zealand has continued to develop as a modern, economically prosperous nation, with a focus on sustainable development, environmental conservation, and global engagements.