- Trading: The settlers traded with Native American tribes, as well as with other European colonists. They traded furs, skins, and other goods for food, tools, and other necessities.
- Hunting and fishing: The settlers hunted deer, rabbits, and other animals for food and fur. They also fished in the rivers and streams for food.
- Logging and lumbering: The settlers cut down trees and used the wood to build homes, barns, and other structures. They also sold the wood to other colonists.
- Mining: The settlers mined coal, iron, and other minerals.
- Manufacturing: The settlers manufactured a variety of goods, including furniture, clothing, and tools.
- Shipbuilding: The settlers built ships to transport goods and people.
- Education: The settlers established schools to educate their children.
- Religion: The settlers established churches and religious communities.