Here are some specific examples:
American Civil War:
- Those who opposed secession in the Southern states were often labeled as "traitors" or "Yankee sympathizers" and faced threats, violence, and even death.
Russian Civil War:
- Red Terror: The Bolshevik regime launched a campaign of political repression, known as the Red Terror, which targeted real or perceived opponents of their rule. Many people who opposed the Bolsheviks or were seen as potential threats, including former members of the Imperial government, landowners, intellectuals, and clergy, were executed or imprisoned.
Spanish Civil War:
- both the Republican and Nationalist sides engaged in widespread reprisals against perceived opponents, leading to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people.
English Civil War:
- The Parliamentarians who opposed King Charles I were often labeled as "rebels" or "traitors" and faced harsh consequences after the war. Many were imprisoned or executed, and their property was confiscated.