* North:
- Industrial production temporarily disrupted due to manpower diversion to war efforts.
- Trade restrictions and blockades by the South led to shortages of certain goods.
- Inflation and higher prices eroded purchasing power.
* South:
- Widespread damage to infrastructure, especially in areas directly affected by combat and Union occupation.
- Loss of manpower resulted in labor shortages in agriculture and industry.
- Blockade by the Union navy severely limited exports (e.g., cotton) and imports (e.g., manufactured goods), causing severe economic strain.