Education: States have the primary responsibility for education, including setting educational standards, curricula, and funding for public schools, colleges, and universities.
Public Safety: States are responsible for maintaining law and order within their borders, through their own police forces, courts, and correctional facilities.
Healthcare: States have substantial control over healthcare policies, including licensing healthcare professionals, regulating health insurance, and providing public health services.
Transportation: States have the authority to plan, build, and maintain roads, highways, and bridges, as well as public transportation systems within their borders.
Environmental Protection: States play a crucial role in environmental regulation and natural resources management, including setting pollution standards, regulating land use, and managing fisheries and wildlife.
Labor Laws: States establish labor regulations and standards for workers within their borders, including minimum wage, workplace safety, and workers' compensation programs.
Elections and Voting: States have the primary responsibility for conducting elections, setting voter registration requirements, and overseeing the voting process.
Marriage and Family Laws: States have jurisdiction over marriage, divorce, child custody, and adoption laws within their borders.
Taxation: States have the authority to levy taxes on residents and businesses within their jurisdictions, including income tax, sales tax, and property tax.
Regulation of Professions: States regulate a wide range of professions, such as lawyers, doctors, engineers, and accountants through licensing and certification requirements.
Zoning and Land Use: States have the power to regulate land use zoning and development within their territories.
Public Utilities: States oversee the regulation of public utilities, such as electricity, gas, water, and telecommunications, within their jurisdictions.
Charters of local government: States have the powers to create and regulate towns and other local governments and determine the powers of local government units.
Law enforcement: States can enact laws and ensure these are enforced and prosecute those who violate these laws.
These reserved powers allow states to address issues specific to their populations and circumstances while contributing to the overall governance and functioning of the federal system.