Here's an overview of the spheres of influence in China:
1. Background: In the late 1800s, China was a weak and declining power. The country's internal turmoil, coupled with its vast size and rich resources, made it an attractive target for foreign powers seeking to expand their influence.
2. Major Powers Involved: The main powers involved in establishing spheres of influence in China were Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, and the United States.
3. Division of Spheres:
- Britain: Controlled the Yangtze River valley and major cities such as Shanghai and Hankow.
- France: Dominated the southwestern provinces, including Yunnan and Guangxi.
- Germany: Held influence over Shandong province and the port city of Qingdao.
- Russia: Controlled Manchuria and Outer Mongolia.
- Japan: Gradually gained control over Taiwan and parts of Fujian province.
- United States: Had a relatively smaller sphere of influence, primarily focused on economic interests.
4. Extraterritoriality and Concessions: Foreign powers within their spheres of influence enjoyed various privileges, such as extraterritoriality (exemption from Chinese law) and the establishment of concessions (leased territories). This gave them significant control over trade, commerce, and other activities within their respective areas.
5. Impact on China: The division of China into spheres of influence undermined the country's sovereignty and led to widespread resentment among the Chinese population. It contributed to the rise of nationalism and anti-foreign sentiments, eventually culminating in movements such as the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) and the Chinese Revolution of 1911.
6. End of Spheres of Influence: The spheres of influence gradually declined after the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. China's efforts to regain full sovereignty and control over its territory led to the negotiation and eventual relinquishment of foreign concessions and spheres of influence in the following decades.