Rockets were first developed in ancient China during the 10th century, during the Song Dynasty (960–1279). The earliest-known Chinese rockets were solid-fueled, and were used for military and ceremonial purposes. The solid fuel used was a mixture of potassium nitrate and sulfur. Rocket arrows, known as "fire arrows", were the primary application for rockets in China; however, they were used during the Mongol invasion of Europe in mid-13th century.
Mongol use of Chinese rockets
As the Mongol Empire expanded, they adopted many Chinese technologies and tactics, including the use of gunpowder and rockets. In the 13th century, the Mongols used rockets against the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234), and later against the Song Dynasty. In 1232, when the Mongols besieged Kaifeng, the Song capital, they used a variety of rockets, including incendiary rockets, exploding rockets, and rocket-propelled bombs—known as "thunder crash bombs".
European use of Chinese rockets
The Mongols first introduced Chinese rockets to Europe during the Mongol invasions in the 13th century. For example, in 1241, they used rockets to attack the Polish city of Kraków, and in the same year they used them to attack the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohi. The Europeans were initially surprised and terrified by these new weapons, but they soon began to develop their own rockets. By the 14th century, rockets were being used by many European armies.
Later Chinese use of rockets
The Chinese continued to develop and use rockets throughout the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). During this period, rockets were used in a variety of military campaigns, including the Ming's conquest of Yunnan in the 14th century, the Qing's conquest of the Dzungar Khanate in the 18th century, and the Taiping Rebellion in the 19th century.
Conclusion
The Chinese were the first to develop and use rockets, and their technology spread throughout the world. Rockets played an important role in many military conflicts, and they continue to be used today.