1. Political Control and Centralization:
- The Mongols imposed a highly centralized government with the emperor at its apex.
- The empire was divided into administrative provinces governed by Mongol officials.
- The Mongols adopted the Chinese bureaucracy system but maintained a separate Mongol administration for military and political affairs.
- The "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs" managed Tibetan and Buddhist matters within the empire.
2. Social Hierarchy:
- Mongol rule led to the establishment of a rigid social hierarchy based on ethnicity.
- The Mongols were at the top, followed by the Semu (foreigners from Central Asia), the Northern Chinese (Han), the Southern Chinese (Han), and the Southerners (non-Han people from Southern China).
- Inter-marriages between Mongols and Chinese were prohibited.
3. Legal System:
- The Mongols introduced the Yassa, a code of law that emphasized harsh punishments and collective responsibility.
- Chinese legal codes were preserved but largely ignored in practice.
4. Economic Transformation:
- Large-scale agricultural projects and water conservation initiatives increased productivity.
- Trade and commerce flourished along the Silk Road, connecting China with Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia.
- Paper currency (chao) was introduced, leading to the decline of traditional copper coinage.
5. Cultural Exchanges:
- The Mongols actively promoted cultural exchanges between East and West.
- Christian missionaries, Muslim merchants, and European travelers visited China, bringing new ideas and technologies.
- The Yuan capital, Dadu (modern-day Beijing), became a cosmopolitan center.
6. Scholarly Purges and Confucian Impact:
- Initially, the Mongols were dismissive of Chinese culture and values.
- Later, they embraced Confucian teachings and promoted the study of Confucian classics.
- Scholarly purges against individuals critical of Mongol rule occurred, but a substantial number of Chinese scholars still served in the government.
7. Territorial Expansion:
- The Mongols expanded the Chinese empire's territories to include present-day Tibet, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and parts of Southeast Asia.
In summary, the Yuan Dynasty marked a period of significant political, social, economic, and cultural transformations in China under Mongol rule. However, the harsh统治，社会经济结构发生了重大变化。以下是元朝蒙古人统治的概述：
1. 政治控制和集权化：
- 蒙古人建立了高度集权的政府，皇帝处于顶端。
- 帝国划分为由蒙古官员管理的行政区。
- 蒙古人采用了中国官僚制度，但为军事和政治事务保留了独立的蒙古行政机构。
- "佛教和西藏事务局" 管理帝国境内的西藏和佛教事务。
2. 社会等级制度：
- 蒙古人的统治导致了以族裔为基础的严格社会等级制度的建立。
- 蒙古人位于最高层，其次是色目人（来自中亚的外国人）、北汉人（汉族）、南汉人（汉族）、南人（来自中国南方的非汉族人）。
- 禁止蒙古人和中国人之间通婚。
3. 法律体系：
- 蒙古人引入了大扎撒，这是一部强调严厉惩罚和集体责任的法律规范。
- 中国的法律规范得以保留，但实际上基本被忽略。
4. 经济转型：
- 大规模的农业项目和水利工程提高了生产力。
- 丝绸之路沿线的贸易和商业蓬勃发展，将中国与欧洲、中东和中亚连接起来。
- 引入纸币（钞票），导致传统铜币的衰落。
5. 文化交流：
- 蒙古人积极推动东西方之间的文化交流。
- 基督教传教士、穆斯林商人、欧洲游客访问了中国，带来了新的思想和技术。
- 元大都（今北京）成为一个国际化中心。
6. 儒家知识分子的清洗影响：
- 最初，蒙古人轻视中国文化和价值观。
- 后来，他们接受了儒家思想，并推广儒家经典的学习。
- 针对批评蒙古统治的个人的清洗发生了，但仍有相当数量的中国学者在政府中任职。
7. 领土扩张：
- 蒙古人将中国帝国的领土扩大到包括现今的西藏、蒙古、新疆、云南和东南亚的部分地区。
总而言之，元朝标志着蒙古统治下中国在政治、社会、经济和文化等方面发生重大变革的时期。然而，蒙古人的残酷统治和对汉族人的歧视最终导致了元朝的灭亡。