1. Christianity: Some interpretations of the Bible have historically promoted the concept of male headship and female subordination. Passages such asEphesians 5:22-24 emphasize wives submitting to their husbands.
2. Islam: Many Muslim societies follow religious and cultural norms that prioritize male roles, with interpretations of Sharia (Islamic law) promoting male guardianship (Wilayah) and emphasizing women's role in homemaking and childrearing.
3. Judaism: In Orthodox Judaism, there is a clear distinction in many religious practices, with separate sections in synagogues and certain rites exclusively reserved for men.
4. Hinduism: While Hinduism celebrates divine feminine (Shakti) as a divine energy, women often face societal hierarchies based on the caste system, which in certain contexts can imply female obedience.
5. Confucianism: As a philosophical and ethical system deeply influential in Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures, Confucian teachings emphasized obedience to male authority in the family and broader society.
It's essential to note that many modern interpretations of religious texts are more egalitarian and emphasize the respect and equality of both genders. The concepts mentioned above may not strictly represent all adherents of those religions and variations exist based on individual beliefs and regional customs.