1. Flogging: This involved beating the victim with a whip, rattan cane, or other instruments, often resulting in severe pain and open wounds.
2. Beheading: Decapitation was a common form of execution, usually carried out with a sword or axe.
3. Crucifixion: The victim was nailed to a wooden cross, either alive or after being killed, and left to die slowly from exposure, dehydration, or blood loss.
4. Ling Chi: Also known as "slow slicing" or "death by a thousand cuts," this method involved slicing the victim's body with a knife, starting from the extremities and gradually moving towards vital organs.
5. Waterboarding: The victim's face was covered with a cloth and water was poured over it, causing a sensation of drowning and intense psychological distress.
6. Bamboo Torture: Sharp bamboo shoots were driven under the victim's fingernails, through the ear canals, or into other sensitive parts of the body, causing excruciating pain and tissue damage.
7. Iron Maiden: A device resembling a human figure with spikes on the inside, into which the victim was placed, causing severe injury or death.
8. Bone Crushing: The victim's limbs or bones were crushed using heavy objects, such as stones or metal rollers.
9. The Rack: The victim was stretched and contorted on a device called a rack, dislocating joints and causing immense pain.
10. Thumbscrews: Metal devices used to crush the victim's thumbs or fingers, causing intense agony.
These torture methods were often employed by the imperial government, local authorities, and military officials to punish criminals, rebels, political opponents, and other individuals deemed to have violated the law or disrupted social order.