The Indian Constitution is a written document that contains a detailed account of the structure, powers, and functions of the government. It is comprehensive in nature, covering a wide range of topics such as fundamental rights, the directive principles of state policy, the structure of the government, and procedures for amendment.
2. Federal Structure with Unitary Features:
India has a federal structure with states and a central government, but it also has some unitary features. The central government has strong powers in certain areas, such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency. However, states have substantial autonomy in matters such as education, health, and agriculture.
3. Parliamentary System of Government:
India follows a parliamentary system of government, where the executive is responsible to the legislature. The leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha (lower house of parliament) is appointed as the Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers is responsible for the administration of the country.
4. Fundamental Rights:
The Indian Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights to all citizens, irrespective of their religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. These fundamental rights include the right to equality, the right to freedom, the right to cultural and educational rights, and the right to constitutional remedies.
5. Directive Principles of State Policy:
The directive principles of state policy are non-justiciable guidelines for the government. They are not enforceable in the courts, but they provide a framework for the government's policies and actions. The directive principles include the objectives of achieving social justice, economic equality, and a welfare state.
6. Independent Judiciary:
India has an independent judicial system, with a Supreme Court at the apex. The Supreme Court has the power to interpret the Constitution, review laws, and provide judicial remedies. The independence of the judiciary is essential for the protection of fundamental rights and the rule of law.
7. Secularism:
India is a secular state, which means that there is no official religion. The government treats all religions equally and does not favor or discriminate against any particular religion.
8. Amendment Procedure:
The Indian Constitution can be amended by a special majority vote in both houses of parliament. The amendment procedure is designed to ensure that the Constitution is not amended lightly and that there is a broad consensus on any proposed changes.
These are some of the salient features of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution is a living document that has evolved over time, and it continues to shape the political, social, and economic life of the country.