2. Chinese boycott of American goods: In response to the Anti-Chinese immigration laws, the Chinese government called for a boycott of American goods. This boycott had a significant impact on American exports to China, causing economic losses for American businesses and industries.
3. Exclusion of other Asian immigrant groups: The success of the Anti-Chinese immigration laws encouraged nativist sentiments and discriminatory attitudes toward other Asian immigrant groups. As a result, similar exclusionary laws were passed targeting Japanese immigrants (the Immigration Act of 1907) and other Asian nationalities, collectively known as the "Asian Exclusion Acts."
4. Legal challenges and constitutional scrutiny: The Anti-Chinese immigration laws faced legal challenges, and several cases were brought before the U.S. Supreme Court. In some instances, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of these laws based on the plenary power of Congress over immigration matters. However, some critics argued that these laws violated the Equal Protection Clause and other constitutional principles.
5. Negative impact on Chinese American communities: The Anti-Chinese immigration laws created significant hardships for Chinese American communities in the United States. They restricted the ability of Chinese immigrants to enter the country, separated families, and limited their economic opportunities. This led to the marginalization of Chinese Americans and fueled discrimination and racial prejudice against them.
6. Long-lasting impact on American immigration policy: The Anti-Chinese immigration laws set a precedent for discriminatory immigration policies in the United States. Subsequent immigration laws, such as the Immigration Act of 1924, continued to favor northern and western European immigrants while restricting immigration from southern and eastern Europe and Asia. This pattern of discriminatory immigration policies persisted until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which abolished the national origins quota system.
7. Recognition and apology: In recent years, there has been growing recognition of the harmful consequences of the Anti-Chinese immigration laws. In 2012, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution formally apologizing for the laws and their negative impact on the Chinese American community.