The original branch of the Chalukya dynasty that dominated the Dakshinapatha from the middle of the 6th century to the middle of the 8th century AD, grew and developed at Badami (Bagalkot district) in present-day Karnataka. Vatapi). Hence this branch of Chalukyas is called 'Vatapi or Chalukyas of Badami'. The brilliant kings of this dynasty tied the entire Dakshinapatha in the thread of political unity and despite strong opposition from the famous ruler Harshavardhana of North India and the Pallava rulers of the South, maintained their suzerainty over South India for almost two centuries.
Nomenclature and origin of Chalukyas (Naming and Origin of Chalukyas)
No clear information is found regarding the nomenclature and origin of the Chalukya dynasty. In the writings of the Chalukyas, they have been addressed by many names like Chalukyas, Chalka, Chaluki, Chalekya, Chalikya, Chaluki etc. Later on from these designations, the names Chalukya and Chaulukya became popular for this dynasty. SC Nandimath traces its early lineage to 'Chalki', 'Shalki' or 'Chaluki' which are the names of agricultural implements in Kannada language. It is inferred from this that the original founders of the Chalukya dynasty were probably the farmers of Karnataka region, who, on the strength of their talent and virility, later gradually became their feudal rulers by getting the grace of the Kadamba-kings. Due to their strategic power and popular rule, these Chalukyas established an independent state by making Vatapi the center in the later period.
Chalukya Dynasty
Although the origin and caste of this dynasty is not mentioned in any of the records of the Chalukya kings of Vatapi, some inscriptions of the later Chalukya rulers of Kalyani and Vengi branch mention them as Manavyagotriya. The son of Harit and Chandravanshi has been declared Kshatriya. In relation to the caste of the Chalukyas, the description of Hiuen Tsang is particularly important, which clearly describes Pulakeshin II as Kshatriya. Hence the Chalukyan rulers can be considered to belong to the Kshatriya caste.
Early Rulers of the Chalukya Dynasty of Badami (The Early Rulers of the Chalukya Dynasty of Badami)
Jaisingh (Jayasimha) : From the pillar inscription of Mahakuta of 602 AD, it seems that Jai Singh was the first historical ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi. He is mentioned in the Kaira copper plates of 472-73 AD, his titles 'Vallabh', 'Srivallabh' and 'Vallabhendra' and is compared to Kubera and Indra.
Early writings of the Chalukya dynasty do not mention any achievement of Jaisingh, but some later texts give an exaggerated description of it. Daulatabad inscriptions of Jagdekamalll It is said that Jai Singh destroyed the opulence of the Kadambas. According to Kalyani's Kautham inscription of Chalukyas, he defeated Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna II and his son Indra III, but all these details are historical and allegorical. Jai Singh seems to have been a feudatory of the Kadambas of Banavasi. He may have ruled in the first phase of the sixth century.
Rannrag ( Ranaraga ) : Jai Singh's son and successor was Ranraga (520-540 AD), but no information is available regarding this. No record of this has been found. In Yevoor inscription it is referred to as a 'Veer ruler' Having said. Ranrag also seems to have been a local feudal lord under the same Kadambas as his father.
pulkeshin first , 540-567 AD (Pulakeshin I, 540-567 AD)
The real founder of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami was Pulakeshin I (540-567 AD), son and successor of Ranaraga. The era of greatness of the Chalukya dynasty begins from its reign. It has been addressed with the designations of Polakeshin, Polikashin and Pulikashin etc. Fleet &D.C. Government 'Pulkeshin The word is considered to be a mixed word of Sanskrit and Kannada languages, which means - hair like tiger , In contrast, Neelkanth Shastri is of the view that it is a pure Sanskrit word in which 'pul' means 'great' And Keshin means 'Singh' , Thus Pulakeshin means– 'Great Tiger' , In the inscriptions for Pulakeshin only 'Maharaj' The title of Chalukyas has been used, which shows that the independent authority of the Chalukyas was established during this time.
Achievements of Pulakeshin I (Achievements of Pulakeshin I)
This first independent ruler of the Chalukya dynasty, Pulakeshin I, although mentioned in many inscriptions, but praising his valor, gives only the account of his construction and religious works. is.
Badami inscription of Saka Samvat 465 (543 AD) Shows that the Chalukya 'Vallabheshwar' He built the fort of Badami. This Vallabheshwar is identified with Pulakeshin I. According to the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II, he built the fort of Badami and made it his capital. Possibly Pulakeshin I freed himself from the suzerainty of the Kadambas by fortifying Badami and conquering the area around it and declared his sovereignty through the rituals of the Asvamedha Yagya.
According to his greatness, Pulakeshin I wrote 'Satyashraya', 'Ranvikram', 'Shriprithvivallabh' or 'Shrivallabh' As did the titles. This shows that he had faith in the Vedic religion. Badami inscription and Mahakoot pillar inscription of Mangalesh In addition to Ashwamedha and Vajpeya, he has been described as the performer of yagyas like Agnishtom, Agnikyan, Paundarika, Bahusuvarna and Hiranyagarbha. Chalukya ruler of Kalyani Someswara III Created 'Vikramankabhayday' According to it, he donated 13,000 village priests on the occasion of Ashwamedha Yagya Diya and his victorious horse had circumambulated the earth surrounded by the four seas. In some Chalukya writings it has been compared with the legendary heroes like Yayati, Dileep etc. Comparing it to Vishnu in the Mahakoot inscription, 'Ranvikram The title has been given. Nerur's donations from Mangalesh In praising his mantra-intellect, he has been described as a theologian, a theologian like Manu and a knower of Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata and history.
Pulkeshin I married Princess Raraladevi of Bapur (Batpur) dynasty happened with. He had two sons - Kirtivarman I and Mangalesh. But in the Mudholi inscription 'Pugavarman' There is a mention of a ruler named 'Shriprithvivallabh Maharaj ' The son of Some scholars identify Sri Prithvivallabh with Pulakeshin I and consider Pugavarman to be the eldest son of Pulakeshin I. But it is not confirmed by any other evidence. Based on the available evidence, its reign can be considered from 540 AD to 567 AD.
Pulakeshin II, 610-642 AD (Pulakeshin II, 610-642 AD)
Kirtivarman Pratham , 567-592 AD (Kirtivarman I, 567-592 AD)
Kirtivarman I became the ruler of the Chalukya dynasty after the death of Pulakeshin I. The Badami cave inscription dates back to the twelfth year of Kirtivarman in Saka Samvat 500 (578 AD), on the basis that it can be said that he ascended the throne around 567 AD.
Achievements of Kirtivarman Pratham (Achievements of Kirtivarman I)
The Aihole Prashasti of Pulakeshin II and the Mahakuta pillar inscription of Mangalesh provide sufficient information regarding the achievements and victories of Kirtivarman. In the Mahakuta inscription of Mangalesh, Kirtivarman has been described as the conqueror of the rulers of Kalinga, Magadha, Anga, Vanga, Madrak, Kerala, Ganga, Musaka, Pandya, Dramila, Choliya, Alupa and Vaijayanti. But according to historians this description is exaggerated and unhistoric.
The Aihole Prashasti reveals that Kirtivarman destroyed the Nalas, Mauryas and Kadambas. According to Prashasti 'Kirtivarman was Kalratri for Nal, Maurya and Kadamba kings. Although he had taken away his head from Parastri, Rajalakshmi was still attracted to him. He got Vijayalakshmi by his might and uprooted the Kadamba forest like a Kadamba tree like a drunken elephant of kings' –
Nalmaurya Kadambakalaratristanayastasya babhuva kittivarma.
Pardarretirutchidvritvarpidhiryasya Ripushreeyanukrishta.
Ranparakramlabhjayashriya sapadi yen virugnamashesha.
Nripati Gandhagagen Mahujasa Prithukadambakkadambakkadambakam.'
The people of the Nal dynasty probably ruled in Nalwari which spread over the modern Vellary and Kurnool districts. The Mauryas were the rulers of the Konkan region and their capital was Puri (Dharpuri of Elephanta Island. ) to 'Lakshmi of the Western Sea' Having said. As a result of the Konkan conquest, Kirtivarman took control of Goa, which was then called 'Revati Dweep' was called According to the Fleet, after conquering Konkan, he Dhruvraj Indra Appointed the ruler there.
The Kadambas were the chief among these three powers defeated by Kirtivarman, who ruled North Kanara, Belgaum, Dharwad and its adjoining areas of the Karnataka state. Kirtivarman attacked Vanvasi (Vaijayanti), the capital of the Kadambas, and captured it.
Kirtivarman is credited with the victory of the Kadambas in both the Mahakuta Pillar and the Aihole inscription. The Aihole Prashasti states that Kirtivarman dissolved the union of the Kadambas. This sangha probably included the principal dynasty of the Kadambas as well as some other Kadambas (Gangas), Sendraks and Alupas of this clan, who were defeated by Kirtivarman. Ajayvarma, son of Kadamba (Ganga) ruler Krishnavarma II, probably conquered by Kirtivarman was. Chiplun articles of Pulakeshin II It is revealed that Srivallabhsenanda's sister of Sendraka dynasty is married to Kirtivarman Who was the ruler of Nagarkhand Mandal of Banavasi province and was earlier under the suzerainty of Kadambas. The Alup were ruling in South Canara. Vinayaditya's Kolhapur article describes him as a traditional 'Bhritya feudal lord' of the Chalukyas Said.
Thus by conquering the Nalas, Mauryas, Alupas and Kadambas, Kirtivarman expanded the Chalukya power to the fourteenth century, which included Dharwad, Belgaum, Bijapur, Bellary and Shimoga districts of Karnataka, the frontier regions of Maharashtra. and Kurnool and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh were included.
According to his greatness, Kirtivarman I also wrote 'Satyashraya', 'Shri Prithvivallabh Maharaj' 'Pururanaparakram' and 'Param Bhagavatam' He assumed the titles of Adi and performed Agnishtom and Bahusuvarna Yagyas. An inscription from Saka Samvat 500 (578 A.D.), engraved on the pilasters of the verandah of a Vaishnava cave at Badami, mentions the construction of a Vishnu temple by Kirtivarman, but its construction was probably done after his death. Later Mangalesh got it completed and on the occasion of installation of Vishnu-Statue in the temple Lanjiswar Village (Nandikeshwar Village) had donated. The reign of Kirtivarman should be roughly considered from AD 567 to AD 592.
Mangesh , 592–610 AD (Mangalesha, 592–610 AD)
At the time of Kirtivarman I's death his sons Pulakeshin II, Vishnuvardhana, Dharashraya Jayasingha and Buddhavarsha were minors, so his younger brother (possibly half-brother) Mangalesh took over the Chalukya rule. The Goa inscription of Shaka Samvat 532 (610 AD) dates back to the 20th year of the reign of Mangalesh. It is clear from this that Mangalesh was crowned king in Shaka-Samvat 512 (590 AD). Mangalesh 'Mangalraj', 'Mangliesh', 'Manglieshwar', 'Mangalarnav', 'Ranvikrant', 'Prithvivallabh', 'Shriprithvivallabh' and 'Ururanvikrant' It was known by other names and titles.
Achievements of Mangalesha
Manglesh was more ambitious than his predecessor Chalukya rulers. He followed an expansionist policy like Kirtivarman. The Chalukya inscriptions of Badami mention about the reign of Pulakeshin II after Kirtivarman. The reason for this was probably Mangalesh's non-return of his ancestral kingdom when Pulakeshin II attained adulthood and Pulakeshin II's rebellion for his kingdom. But in later writings, especially in the Chalukyas of Kalyani, Mangalesh is mentioned with respect after Kirtivarman. The achievements of Mangalesh are mentioned in his Mahakoot pillar inscription , Aihole articles, Kauthem articles, Nerur articles and Goa grant papers get in.
Campaign against Kalachuris: The Mahakoot pillar inscription shows that Mangalesh was the first king of Kalchuri 'Buddharaj' with the desire to conquer North India. After defeating him, he acquired his entire property. After this, with the permission of his mother, he built 'Dharmavijay Stambh' in front of the Mahakuteshwarnath temple. Established and donated a lot to the temple. This success of Mangalesh is also corroborated by the date-less Nerur donation letter and the Aihole inscription. नेरुर दानपत्र लेख के अनुसार गज-अश्व-पदाति और कोश का स्वामी शंकरगण का पुत्र बुद्धराज मंगलेश से पराजित होकर भाग गया था। ऐहोल लेख के अनुसार ‘ मंगलेश ने कलचुरियों पर विजय प्राप्त की, उनकी स्त्रियों के साथ विहार किया उसके अश्वसेना के चलने से उठी धूल पूर्वी एवं पश्चिमी समुद्रों तक फैल गई’ –
तस्मिन्सुरेश्वरविभूतिगताभिलाषे राजाभवत्तदनुजः किल मंगलीशः।
पूर्वपश्चिमसमुद्रतटोषिताश्व, सेनारजः पटविनिर्मित द्विग्वितानः।।
स्फुरन्मयूखैरसि दीपिकाशतैः व्युदस्यमातंगतमिस्र संजयम्।
अवाप्तवान्यो रणरंग मंदिरे, कलचुरि श्रीललना-परिग्रहम्।।
किंतु ऐसा लगता है कि कलचुरियों के विरूद्ध मंगलेश का आक्रमण एक धावा मात्र था। इस विजय में उसे लूट में बहुत-सा धन तो मिला, किंतु चालुक्य राज्य की सीमा में कोई वृद्धि नहीं हुई। बुद्धराज ने पुनः अपनी खोई हुई शक्ति और प्रतिष्ठा प्राप्त कर ली क्योंकि बुद्धराज के 609-610 ई. के लेखों से पता चलता है कि वह इस समय पूर्ण राजकीय ऐश्वर्य एवं वैभव के साथ शासन कर रहा था। वदनेर अनुदानपत्र ये भी ज्ञात होता है कि 608 ई. में नासिक पर कलचुरियों का अधिकार था। संभवतः 609 ई. के बाद मंगलेश कलुचुरियों के कुछ प्रदेशों पर अधिकार करने में सफल हो गया था क्योंकि सरसनवी लेख से पता चलता है कि मंगलेश गुजरात पर अधिकार था। यह युद्ध अनुमानतः 602 ई. के पूर्व हुआ होगा क्योंकि इसका उल्लेख महाकूट स्तंभलेख में मिलता है।
रेवती द्वीप की विजय: मंगलेश की दूसरी महत्वपूर्ण सामरिक उपलब्धि कोंकण प्रदेश में रेवती द्वीप की विजय थी। रेवती द्वीप संभवतः कोंकण प्रदेश की राजधानी थी जो पश्चिमी समृद्रतट के निकट कहीं स्थित था। मंगलेश की रेवतीद्वीप के विरूद्ध सफलता की पुष्टि पुलकेशिन् द्वितीय की ऐहोल प्रशस्ति तथा परवर्ती चालुक्य लेखों से भी होती है। पुलकेशिन् द्वितीय के ऐहोल प्रशस्ति से ज्ञात होता है कि मंगलेश ने रेवती द्वीप पर आक्रमण कर उसे अपने अधीन कर लिया। प्रशस्ति में काव्यात्मक ढ़ंग से कहा गया है कि ‘मंगलेश ने पताकाओं से युक्त अपनी सेना द्वारा रेवती द्वीप को विजय की इच्छा से घेर लिया। समुद्र में उसकी सेना की चमकती हुई परछाई ऐसी लगती थी कि मानो उसकी आज्ञा पाकर वरुण की सेना चली आई हो’ –
पुनरपि च जिघृक्षोस्सैन्याक्रान्त-सालम्।
रुचिर-बहुपताकं रेवती द्वीपमाशु।।
सपदिमहदुदन्वत्तोयसंक्क्रान्तबिम्बम्।
वरुणवलमिवाभूदागतं यस्यवाचा।।
परवर्ती चालुक्य लेखों से पता चलता है कि मंगलेश की सेना अत्यंत विशाल थी और वह समस्त द्वीपों पर अधिकार कर सकने में समर्थ था। उसकी सेना ने नावों का एक पुल पारकर रेवती द्वीप पर आक्रमण किया था। इससे लगता है कि मंगलेश के राज्यकाल तक चालुक्यों ने एक सुदृढ़ नौ सेना संगठित कर ली थी।
इसके पूर्व कीर्तिवर्मन् प्रथम ने कोंकण प्रदेश के मौर्यों को पराजित कर इस क्षेत्र को चालुक्य राज्य में मिलाया था। नेरुर दानपत्र से ज्ञात होता है कि मंगलेश ने चालुक्यवंश के किसी स्वामिराज को, जो अठारह युद्धों का विजेता था, पराजित कर मार डाला था। लगता है कि इस ‘स्वामीराज’ को कीर्तिवर्मन् ने रेवतीद्वीप का उपराजा (गवर्नर) नियुक्त किया था जिसने मंगलेश के राजा बनने पर विद्रोह कर दिया था। फलतः मंगलेश ने कोंकण पर आक्रमण कर विद्रोही शासक स्वामीराज को मार डाला और पुनः ध्रुवराज इंद्रवर्मा को रेवतीद्वीप का उपराजा नियुक्त किया। इस प्रकार मंगलेश के शासनकाल में चालुक्य साम्राज्य में गुजरात, काठियावाड़ तथा महाराष्ट्र के नासिक तथा उत्तरी कोंकण प्रदेश सम्मिलित थे। दक्षिण में उसने उत्तराधिकार मे प्राप्त उत्तरी कर्नाटक एवं आंध्र के कार्नूल क्षेत्र पर अपना प्रभुत्व बनाये रखा।
मंगलेश वैष्णव धर्मानुयायी था और उसकी एक उपाधि ‘परमभागवत्’ भी थी। एक महान् निर्माता के रूप में उसने बादामी के गुहा-मंदिर के निर्माण-कार्य को पूर्ण करवाया, जिसका आरंभ कीर्तिवर्मन् के समय में हुआ था। इसमें भगवान विष्णु की प्रतिमा स्थापित की गई थी। लेखों में मंगलेश की दानशीलता, विद्वता एवं चरित्र की बड़ी प्रशंसा की गई है और उसे ‘परदारनिवृत्तचित्तवृत्ति’ वाला कहा गया है। इस प्रकार मंगलेश के शासनकाल में चालुक्यों की शक्ति एवं प्रतिष्ठा में वृद्धि हुई।
गृह-युद्ध और मंगलेश का अंत: मंगलेश के जीवन का अंत गृह-युद्ध में हुआ। ऐहोल प्रशस्ति से पता चलता है कि ‘पुलकेशिन् नहषु के समान उदार तथा राजलक्ष्मी का प्रिय था, इसलिए मंगलेश उससे ईर्ष्या करता था। फलतः पुलकेशिन् ने देश छोड़ देने का निश्चय किया। किंतु पुलकेशिन् द्वितीय ने अपने मंत्र और उत्साह शक्ति से मंगलेश को दुर्बल कर दिया और मंगलेश को अपने पुत्र को राज्य सौंपने के प्रयत्न, विशाल राज्य तथा अपने जीवन, तीनों से हाथ धोना पड़ा’ –
तस्याग्रजस्य तनयो नहुषानुभागे, लक्ष्म्या किलाभिलषिते पोलिके शिनाम्नि।
सासूयमात्मनि भवन्तमत पितृव्यम्, ज्ञात्वापरुद्धचरितव्यवसायबुद्धौ।।
स यदुपचितमंत्रोत्साहशक्तिप्रयोग, क्षपितबलविशेषो मंगलेशस्समन्तात्।
स्वतनयगतराज्यारम्भयत्नेन सार्द्ध, निजमतनु च राज्यञ्जीवितञ्चोज्झति स्म।।
ऐहोल प्रशस्ति से स्पष्ट है कि पुलकेशिन् के वयस्क होने पर भी उसका चाचा मंगलेश उसे शासन-सत्ता सौंपने को तैयार नहीं था और अपने पुत्र को वातापी के राजसिंहासन पर प्रतिष्ठित करना चाहता था। पुलकेशिन् ने अपने चाचा का राज्य छोड़कर अन्यत्र शरण ली और कुछ समय पश्चात् अपनी शक्ति को सुदृढ़ कर उसने मंगलेश पर आक्रमण कर दिया। इस गृहयुद्ध में मंगलेश मारा गया और पुलकेशिन् द्वितीय ने अपने सभी विरोधियों को पराजित कर 610 ई. के लगभग चालुक्य राजसिंहासन पर अधिकार कर लिया।
पुलकेशिन् द्वितीय, 610-642 ई. (Pulakeshin II, 610-642 AD)
चालुक्य राजवंश (Chalukya Dynasty)
भारत पर तुर्क आक्रमण:महमूद गजनवी (Turk Invasion of India:Mahmud Ghaznavi)