Today in this article we are going to give you important information about the southern states – Vijayanagara, Bahmani kingdom, Mughal and Maratha empire which are as follows.
Kingdoms of the South – Vijayanagara, Bahmani Kingdom, Mughal and Maratha Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Sangam's sons Harihara and Bukka in 1336 AD. At that time the Sultan of Delhi was Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Vijayanagara Empire
The greatest ruler of Vijayanagara, Krishnadeva Raya (1509-29 AD) belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. Eight great poets lived in the court of Krishna Deva Raya, who were called Ashtadiggaj. Krishnadeva Raya composed the book Amuktamalyad in Telugu language. He got Hazara and Vitthal Swami temple constructed.
The battle of Talikota or Banihati took place in the reign of Sadashiv Raya from 15 to 65 AD, in which Vijayanagara was defeated and the Vijayanagara Empire collapsed.
Bahmani State
Hasan Gangu established the Bahmani kingdom in 1327 AD during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Alauddin came to power in the name of Bahman Shah. During the reign of Mohammad III, Mohammad Gawa was appointed Prime Minister under the title of Khwaja Jahan.
Mohammad Gawa founded a university in the rebellion. During the reign of Alauddin Firoz, the Russian traveler Nikitan came on a visit to the Bahmani kingdom. Kalimullah was the last ruler of the Bahmani dynasty. At the time of his death, the Bahmani kingdom was divided into 5 independent states. The details related to these independent states are as follows –
Mughal Empire
Babur was the founder of the Mughal dynasty. He established the Mughal dynasty in India by defeating Ibrahim Lodi I of Panipat (1526 AD).
Babur
Babar was the son of Gaan MP Umar Sheikh Mirza. In the first battle of Panipat, Babur used Tulgama method and artillery for the first time. Babur composed his autobiography Baburnama in Turkish language, it was later translated into Persian language by Abdul Rahim Khan. Initially Babur's body was buried in Agra, later it was buried in Kabul.
Humayun (1530-1526 AD)
Humayun was the subedar of Badakhshan by sitting on the throne of Delhi. In 1523, a city named Dinpanah was founded. In June 1540 AD Humayun and Sher Khan fought the battle of Chosa, in which Humayun was defeated. In 1540 AD, Humayun and Sher Khan fought the battle of Kanojia Bilgram, in which Humayun was again defeated and he had to flee from India.
Akbar was born in Amarkot in 1542 AD during Humayun's election. In 1555 AD, Humayun regained his lost empire in the battle of Machi Wada and Sirhind. He died in 1556 by falling from the steps of the library located in the Dinpanah building.
Sher Shah Suri (1540-45 AD)
Sher Shah's real name was Farid Khan. His father Hasan Kha was a Zamindar of Sasaram. After winning the battle of Kanauj in 1540 AD, he assumed the title of Sher Shah. He issued coins of pure silver in place of the old coins. He introduced the system of confiscation, under which the rent was determined on the basis of the measurement of the land.
Sher Shah started the circulation of the rupee, which was 178 grams of silver. He got the old fort built in Delhi. The Qila-e-Kuhna Mosque was built inside it.
During his reign, Malik Muhammad Jayasi composed Padmavat. Sher Shah's tomb is located in Sasaram. Sher Shah died during the Kalinjar campaign. Sher Shah constructed the Sadak-e-Azam (Grand-Truck Road), which ran from Sunar village to Peshawar.
Akbar (1556-1605 AD)
Akbar's coronation took place at the age of 14 at a place called Kalanaur in Punjab. Bairam Khan was the patron of Akbar. Pa
The Second Battle of Nipat took place in November 1556, in which the Mughal army led by Bairam Khan defeated the Afghan army led by Hemu. During the reign of Akbar, in 1576 AD, there was a battle of Haldi-Ghati between the Mughal army, the ruler of Mewar, Rana Pratap, in which the Mughal army under the leadership of Man Singh was victorious.
Akbar's Diwan Raja Todar Mal implemented the Dahsala settlement in 1580 AD. Birbal was the first and last Hindu king to accept Din-i-Ilahi. Birbal's childhood name was Mahesh Das.
Abul Fazl wrote the book Ain-e-Akbari Pata Akbarnama. There were Navratnas in Akbar's court in which Tansen, Birbal, Todarmal etc. were prominent.
Mansabdari system was a special category and administrative system, which was started by Akbar in India. Abdusamad, Jaswant and Basavan were the prominent painters in Akbar's court. Akbar's tomb is in Sikandra.
Jahangir (1605-27 AD)
Jahangir's childhood name was Salim. This name was named by Akbar after the Sufi saint Sheikh Salim Chishti. Jahangir is remembered for the chain of justice which he had installed in the Agra Fort. He hanged Arjun Dev, the fifth Guru of the Sikhs, for supporting his rebellious son Khusrau.
Jahangir gave Mehrunisha the title of Nurmahal and Nur Jahan after marriage. Nur Jahan was the daughter of Gosbeg, a resident of Iran and the widow of Ali Quli Beg (Sher Afgan).
During the reign of Jahangir, the East India Company established its first factory in India at Surat. Jahangir composed his autobiography Tuzuke – Jahangir in Persian language.
At the time of Jahangir, Mughal painting was at its zenith. In the court of Baalveer, prominent painters like Agha Raza, Abul Hasan, Ustad Mashoor, Bishan Das, Manohar etc. Jahangir died at a place called Beniwal. He was buried on the banks of the Ravi river in Sach (Lahore).
Shah Jahan (1627-1657 AD)
The reign of Shah Jahan is called the Golden Age of Architecture. He fought with the Portuguese in 16 to 32 AD and occupied Hooghly with the aim of ending the growing influence of the Portuguese. He built a college in Delhi and got a college called Darul Work repaired.
He established a new city named Shahjahanabad in Delhi and established a new capital here. The Peacock Throne was built by Shah Jahan. In the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in Agra.
The major buildings built by Shah Jahan are – Red Fort of Delhi, Jama Masjid of Delhi, Moti Masjid of Agra etc.
In the war of succession, Aurangzeb imprisoned Shah Jahan and put him in the fort of Agra, where he died in 1666 AD.
Aurangzeb (1658-1707 AD)
Aurangzeb had to fight with his brothers to become the ruler. The last war of succession between Dhara and Aurangzeb took place in the valley of Devaraya in 1659 AD. Aurangzeb was victorious in the war. After that he got Dhara murdered on the charge of disobeying Islam. Aurangzeb's coronation took place for the second time at Shahdara's palace in Delhi in Vodafone's SIM.
During the time of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire had expanded the most. He also had the largest number of Hindu Mansabdars during his reign.
Due to not accepting Islam, the ninth Guru of Sikhs, Tegh Bahadur, was murdered by Aurangzeb, he is also called Zinda Pir. He imposed Jizya tax on Hindus in this a little sannyasin. He banned Jor's Darshan and Tuladan system.
Aurangzeb spent most of his time in conquering South India, which proved to be a scourge for him. After the death of Aurangzeb, he was buried near Daulatabad. His tomb is located in Aurangabad. The Moti Masjid in Delhi's Red Fort was built by Aurangzeb.
Arrival of European trading companies in India and British occupation
North Mughal Rulers
The Mughal rulers who came after the death of Aurangzeb were generally incompetent.
Bahadur Shah was called Shahe Bekhbar.
During the reign of Mohammad Shah (1719- 1748 AD), the queen invader Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739 AD. The Peacock Throne and the Kohinoor Diamond were taken from India. Mohammad Shah was famous by the name Rangeela. Mohammad Shah II encouraged Urdu language and music.
Shah Alam II (1759 – 1806 AD) fought the battle of Buxar against the British in 1764 AD, together with Shuja-ud-daula, Nawab of Awadh and Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal, but was defeated. During the time of Shah Alam II, the third battle of Panipat (1761 AD) took place between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas. Marathas were defeated in this war.
Akbar II sent Raja Rammohun Roy to England in 1833 to increase his pension.
The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II (Zafar) led the central revolt of 1857 AD. After the suppression of the rebellion, Bahadur Shah II (Zafar) was kept in the Mandalay jail of Brahma along with his wife Zeenat Mahal. He died there and his tomb is located in Rangoon itself.
Maratha Utkarsh
Maratha power flourished under the leadership of Shiva. He was born in 1627 AD at Shivneri Fort near Pune.
Shivaji (1627 -1680 AD) father's name was Shahaji Bhonsle and mother's name was Jijabai.
Shivaji's mentor and mentor was Grandfather Kondadev. His spiritual mentor was Swami Samarth Ramdas. Under his military campaign, Shivaji first won the district of Toran. Raigad was the capital of Shivaji. He defeated and killed Afzal Khan, the general of Bijapur.
Shivaji had adopted guerrilla warfare method. The treaty of Purandar was signed between Shivaji and Raja Jai Singh in 1665 AD.
In 1674 AD Shivaji got his coronation done in Raigad. His coronation was done by the famous scholar of Kashi, Shri Ganga Bhatt. He assumed the title of Chhatrapati.
The last important campaign of Shivaji was the campaign of Karnataka in 1676 AD. He died in 1680 AD.
Shivaji formed a council of 8 ministers, which was called Ashtapradhan, to cooperate in the work of governance. Shivaji's tax system was based on Malik Ambar's system.
Balaji was the first Peshwa of Vishwanath Bhat, he is also called the founder of the Maratha Empire. Balaji Vishwanath made a treaty with the Mughals from 17 to 19 AD, which is called the Magna Carta of the Maratha Empire.
At the time of Bajirao I, the power of the Marathas was at its peak. He is credited with propounding the principle of Hindu Pad Padshahi. Balaji Bajirao is also known as Nana Saheb. It symbolized the position of Peshwa. The third battle of Panipat (14 January 1716 AD) took place at the time of Balaji Bajirao. In this, the Afghan army under the leadership of Ahmed Shah Abdali was victorious.
Bajirao II was the last Peshwa of the Marathas. In 1818 AD, the British abolished the post of Peshwa and exiled Bajirao II to Bithoor near Kanpur, where he died in 1853 AD.