From the first Ieyasu to the third Iemitsu in the early Edo Shogunate, Daimyo control was carried out against the background of armed forces. This is martial politics Is called.
The daimyo who did not hear what they said, calling it a violation of the Buke Shohatto, were crushed from one end, and the number of changes from 1600 to 1640 was crushed by 198 daimyo.
As a result, the number of samurai who lost their jobs increased and became ronin, becoming a social problem.
Even if you say a ronin, a samurai is a samurai, and the dangerous molecules with armed force do not change. The Shogunate's response to this was only crackdowns and no measures against unemployment were taken.
Iemitsu Tokugawa in 1651 When he died, he was still a child Tokugawa Ietsuna Becomes the 4th Shogun.
In July of the same year, Yui Shosetsu Is Tadaya Marubashi Collusion with others and seize the family line. He attempted a rebellion to criticize the shogunate and rescue the ronin. This is Keian Uprising Is called.
Also, change of acceptance , which is an attack on Rōjū. The shogunate is martial politics You will be forced to change your policy from.
Conversion to Bunji politics
If the control of the daimyo by force fails, the shogunate will be forced to change the control of the daimyo.
After thinking about how to control the daimyo, the shogunate Confucianism By doing so, we tried to maintain social order, justify Tokugawa rule, emphasize general authority, and establish feudal status order.
Instead of listening to the shogun because he is scared, he is made to assume that it is his servant who gives up his life for the shogun. No matter how incompetent the shogun was, if he thought that it was his servants who would do his best to do so, he thought it was okay not to overwhelm him.
As mentioned above, Confucianism is perfect for brainwashing daimyo. It is.
4th Shogun Tokugawa Ietsuna era
The fourth shogun, Ietsuna, became a shogun at an early age, so he did not do politics himself.
Therefore, it was his uncle Hoshina Masayuki who assisted the shogunate. And Rōjū Sakai Tadakiyo was.
Because the shogun was a child, Masayuki Hoshina, Tadakatsu Sakai, Nobutsuna Matsudaira, Tadaaki Abe, Tadakiyo Sakai The shogunate was moved by their collegial system. Throughout the Edo period, there were few times when the consensus system worked so well, and this stable government lasted for 29 years.
Around this time, there were many daimyo who could be reformed without a successor, and as many as 4 million stones of 57 families were reformed. If we go with the rule of 235 vassals with 10,000 stones, it means that about 90,000 ronin have increased.
Relaxing the ban on late-stage adoption as a mitigation measure (Reduce adoption after critical illness). In 1663, Buke Shohatto Amendment, Junshi Daimyo Guarantor System Has been abolished.
There was a teaching that loyal retainers could not be used by two princes, so when the lord died, the vassals were rampant. The more suicides he followed his vassals, the more he was called a virtuoso. However, such a custom banned murder because it was ridiculous.
5th Shogun Tsunayoshi Tokugawa
Hoshina Masayuki Died and became an old man Sakai Tadakiyo The shogunate will be held under the tyranny of. 1680 When Ietsuna died at the age of 40, his younger brother Tsunayoshi Tokugawa Becomes a shogun. Sakai Tadakiyo that the shogun thought it was okay to decorate He suggested that a person who was convenient for him be a shogun, but Mitsukuni Mito Tsunayoshi Tokugawa became a shogun because of his opposition.
Tsunayoshi Unlike Ietsuna, he was a general who moved politics by himself. So Tsunayoshi is the elder Sakai Tadakiyo Masatoshi Hotta as a senior employee Will be used.
However, in 1683, he became an old man Masatoshi Hotta . When he is assassinated, he goes into pro-government.
I moved the room to keep the old man and the general's room away so that the general would not be assassinated. Therefore, a liaison between the shogun and the old man is required, and a side servant Place. It was Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu that was selected. was.
Tsunayoshi was a general who seemed to be a whimsical person and appointed a person he liked, and immediately got angry when he was in trouble. Therefore, the number of Daimyo's reforms increased again during the Tsunayoshi era, and the number of Ronin increased.
Tsunayoshi began to keep away from the old man from the time he started to have a side servant, and order of mercy on living things . You will be able to lay down policies that are handed down to the world. This policy deteriorates the financial situation of the Shogunate Will be done.
6th Tokugawa family, 7th Tokugawa family era
In 1708, Tsunayoshi died without a succession. Ienobu Tokugawa as the 6th Shogun Will be in charge of the shogunate. Tsunayoshi's last will was to keep the decree of mercy on living things for 100 years ..
Ienobu does not assert himself very much, but he is considered to be one of the great princes, and before the funeral of Tsunayoshi is over, the order of mercy on living things is abolished . Then release the 8831 people who had been captured. Of course, Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, who was prestigious under Tsunayoshi, was dismissed . It will be.
It was Arai Hakuseki who took charge of the shogunate instead of Yoshiyasu Yanagisawa. So, in order to restore the authority of the shogun, the Buke Shohatto was revised, a clothing system was established, and the use of the Tokugawa family crest Aoi's crest was restricted. Did.
Also, with the authority of the Emperor, the founding of the Kan'in-no-miya family, the engagement of Yoshiko Yasomiya, the daughter of the Emperor Reigen, and the successor to the family And so on.
Arai Hakuseki's policy was the opposite of Tsunayoshi's.
First, deflation measures Shotoku Recast is. This reduced the amount of money issued and cooled the economy. And Nagasaki trade restrictions is. A large excess of imports from Nagasaki Trade means that gold and silver will be leaked overseas, so a new example of a ship-to-city Was promulgated and restricted Nagasaki trade.
However, the financial difficulties of the Shogunate, which started around the time of Ietsuna, will continue to worsen in this civilization politics. And we will continue to deal with this financial difficulty until the end of the Edo period.
Armed due to the transformation of civil politics Not authority Because the daimyo can be obeyed by the sword, it is not easy to cut even with the same sword, but it is important to make it look good by decorating it with lacquer work, etc., and it costs money.
Therefore, in order to maintain their physical condition, the samurai also forcibly hired servants, spent money on socializing with other samurai, and even if they cut their lives, they gave gifts of midyear gifts and year-end gifts.
Although the financial resources of the Edo Shogunate depended on rice, rice prices tended to decline relative to other prices. However, the shogunate could not solve the problem from the 4th shogun to the 7th shogun without taking any concrete measures, and the 8th shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa Kyoho Reform Will wait.