What was the guardian / Jito set up by Minamoto no Yoritomo? ??

Currently, the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate was not in 1192, when Minamoto no Yoritomo became a shogun, but in 1192, he took control of land management rights nationwide with a guardian and a priest. 1185 Is a popular theory.

The guardian and Jito placed by the Kamakura Shogunate in rural areas. I often hear the names, but it's hard to tell what each job title was.

2022 Taiga Drama [ The 13 Lords of the Kamakura ] But it will come out in some way, [ Guardian / Jito ] I would like to write in an easy-to-understand manner.

What is Shugo / Jito?

What is guardian / Jito? 1185 It refers to the positions that Minamoto no Yoritomo set up in various parts of the region when he opened the Kamakura Shogunate. The guardians and priests were the vassals who served the Kamakura Shogunate, who were called gokenins who had a master-slave relationship with Yoritomo.

The guardian was responsible for the military and police operations of the local country.

One person was assigned to each country, and his main role was to maintain the security of the country and to command the domestic gokenins during the war.

In the case of Genpei War and Yoshitsune subjugation, the guardian is * Sotsuibushi He was also responsible for collecting military rice from each country and monitoring and arresting rebels.

* It seems that it was also called Kokuchito after 1185.

Jito was more community-based than guardian, and managed mansions, public territories, and collected annual tribute.

It also managed and controlled the local people.

Reference

• Manor ... Private land owned by influential people. From the end of the Heian period, only some of the powerful people such as the regents and the emperor had a vast mansion. (Contribution terrain villa)
• Public territory ... State-owned land owned by the state (royal court). Also known as national territory.

As mentioned above, Jito had overwhelming power in the field because he had a wide range of powers such as villas, tax collection in public territories, military police, and police.

[Appointed to the Jito] ≒ [Become the ruler of the villa / public territory] However, the appointment of the Jito was done as one of the gratitude from the shogun to the gokenin.

Three major criminals about the duties of the guardian Is called.

Three Great Criminals

• Oban'yaku Daiban ... The Kyoto Daiban who performs the security work of the imperial court.
• Arrest of rebels… Arresting a person who rebelled against the shogunate or the imperial court.
• Arrest of the murderer… To arrest the murderer.

I can't beat the crying child and Jito

It was the strong samurai who were active in the Kamakura Shogunate who were appointed to the Jito.

Many of these Jitos ruled the local people by force, and people were afraid of them.

It means that if you can't beat the crying child of the famous saying and the Jito, you have to silently obey the unreasonable opponent, but the fear of the Jito of the people is still a saying. It remains in shape.

For the local people, there was no chance of winning even if they fought against the Jito who tried to solve things by violence, so the conflict was useless, and even if it was unreasonable, they had to obey the Jito quietly.

Purpose and background of guardianship and Jito installation

1185, After the Battle of Dan-no-ura, where Genji destroyed Taira, Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained permission from Pope Go-Shirakawa to set up guardians and priests nationwide to capture the traitor's younger brother Yoshitsune.

However, it is said that this was before Yoritomo's construction, and his true intention was to place the gokenins who serve the Kamakura Shogunate all over the country and to expand the control of the Kamakura Shogunate all over the country.

Next, I will explain in detail the flow and background leading up to the installation.

Background of the guardian Jito

Taira no Kiyomori was the first to take control of politics from Genji before the Kamakura Shogunate was opened. ..

Kiyomori became the first samurai to become the top official of the imperial court, called Daijo-daijin.

1179 Go-Shirakawa , who was in control of the cloister rule He took power and imprisoned him.

The aristocrats were dissatisfied and dissatisfied with Taira no Kiyomori's domineering way of wanting power in the imperial court. In addition, he had the economic power gained from the Japan-Song trade and the power in the imperial court, and he was aristocratized.

Then, in 1180, at the order of Prince Mochihito, the son of Pope Go-Shirakawa, [ Overthrow Taira ] Is raised, and Genji from all over the world, including Minamoto no Yoritomo, who is based in Kamakura, will raise troops.

This is a nationwide civil war that lasted for five years, Genpei War is.

1184 in this battle Battle of Ichi-no-Tani , 1185 Battle of Yashima , And Battle of Dannoura Mr. Taira was defeated in the event, and he was driven into extinction.

1185 When Mr. Taira died, Go-Shirakawa became afraid of the power of Minamoto no Yoritomo. Therefore, he draws Minamoto no Yoshitsune to the imperial court and orders him to subdue Yoritomo.

However, Yoshitsune failed and was afraid of Yoritomo's counterattack. To get closer to ...

Minamoto no Yoritomo is furious at the actions of Pope Shirakawa. He immediately went to Kyoto and told the Pope himself [ Yoshitsune subjugation . ] I gave an order. With this life, Minamoto no Yoritomo created a cause for subduing Yoshitsune.

In addition, Yoritomo, who lent to the imperial court for Mr. Taira and Yoshitsune, further allowed the Pope to establish a guardian and a priest, and succeeded in obtaining the right to appoint him.

In this event, the vassals of Minamoto no Yoritomo [ Gokenin ] However, it became possible to dispatch it as a guardian and a priest all over the country, and it became the beginning of the Kamakura Shogunate, a government by samurai. This was in 1185.

The early days of the Kamakura Shogunate when the guardian and Jito were first set up

The Kamakura Shogunate established a guardian and Jito, but the imperial court power that has been in power for a long time since the Taiho Code in 701 is strong, and the newcomer Kamakura Shogunate has spread to the cabin of the imperial court and to the western part of Japan. did not.

In addition, the Kokushi was dispatched from the imperial court to each country to unify them, and as a result, they became double-dominated with the guardianship of the Kamakura Shogunate and became in conflict. After that, in the Muromachi Shogunate, the guardian strengthened his power with the domestic samurai as his vassals, and grew up as a guardian daimyo who ruled the moment.

The same thing happened when the imperial court dispatched villains and priests to the villas and territories controlled by the Jito.

This double-dominated skirmish expanded to the inside of the plane and to the West due to the rise in power of the Kamakura Shogunate after the Jokyu War in 1221. Then, Jito began to invade the mansion with the power of the shogunate as a backing.

Summary of protection and Jito

The guardian and Jito are 1185 It is now widely accepted that the Kamakura Shogunate was established when Minamoto no Yoritomo approved the installation by Pope Go-Shirakawa as an excuse to subdue Yoshitsune.

1. Guardian is the country's military and police Was in charge of the duties of.
2. Jito is a management / annual tribute collection of a mansion or a public territory. Was done.
3. The guardian and appointed Jito are the gokenins who serve the Kamakura Shogunate. ..
4. The guardian's duties are banning, arresting rebels and arresting murderers It consists of three major criminals.
5. In the early Kamakura period, the power of the imperial court was still strong, and it did not reach the control of the plane or the western part of Japan.
6. The imperial court also dispatched Kokushi, shokan, and goji, so double control with the Kamakura Shogunate occurred.
7. Jokyu War After that, the imperial court was defeated by the shogunate, so the control of the Kamakura shogunate came to extend to the cabin and the western part of Japan.