The era of the 60th Emperor Daigo and the 62nd Emperor Murakami was [ Enki / Tenki no Ji ], And the emperor himself came to do the politics without setting Kampaku and regent.
In reality, Mr. Fujiwara was in charge of national affairs as the Minister of the Left, and the customs politics did not completely decline, but even at the time when various reforms were made as a turning point from the Ritsuryo state system to the dynasty state system. was.
Decline of the initial mansion
In 902 (Engi 2), illegal land ownership was banned [ Engi's villa reorganization order ] Was issued to rebuild the Ritsuryo. However, because the family register / accounting system collapsed and it was not possible to collect and receive the group, Zu Yong Diao It was not possible to maintain the national finance by collecting.
In such a situation, the government contracted the Kokushi to pay a certain amount of tax, and in return, governed the country. Until now, the Kokushi was in charge of administration, and the gunji was responsible for collecting taxes and writing texts. However, with this policy change, the Kokushi has become more important in local politics.
It was said that the greatest person of the Kokushi who was assigned to each country was received, but since many of the assigned employees tried to fill their own stomachs, complaints from the gunji and influential farmers often came later. It seems that it never stopped.
Around this time, in return for taking out private property and undertaking the ceremonies of the imperial court and the construction of temples and shrines, they were assigned to the official position success . Heavy appointment Is now done. Kokushi, including the receipt, which was a kind of concession, are often appointed for such success and heavy appointment.
General Kokushi other than the receipts are gradually excluded from practice, and they receive only salary without going to their new post. Yonin Has become popular.
Zuryo Is a tax that allows leading farmers to cultivate fields for a certain period of time and inherits the lineage of ancestors, tones, and ancestors. Government Temporary miscellaneous roles derived from Came to impose. Name in the rice fields It is divided into units called negative names . It was named after the contractor called.
In this way, Ritsuryo rule that taxes mainly adult men listed in the family register Has collapsed, and a system has been established in which tax is collected from a negative name on the basis of land.
In the latter half of the 11th century, the receipts only went to the site during the change period, and instead dispatched Mokudai, who are the leading figures in the country [ Government officials . ] And began to conduct politics.
Development of donated land-based villas
Shoki-shōen born in the 8th century By the 10th century, many had declined because they depended on the national and county system, which was the structure of local rule of the Ritsuryo nation.
In the 11th century, the number of people who developed certain areas exempted from temporary miscellaneous duties increased, and as a development lord, he strengthened control of his own development area. Many of them went into the administration as officials in the government office, but some of them donated their territory to the central government in an attempt to escape the tax burden, and some of them called themselves lords.
The lord of the manor that received the donation was called the Ryoke, and when the manor was donated to a higher aristocrat or a powerful royal family, the senior lord was called the head family. The development lord became a geshi and other lords, and promoted private control of the territory more than ever.
These villas are called donation-type villas and spread throughout the 11th century.
Among the villas that expanded in this way, the number of villas that were granted tax and temporary miscellaneous duty exemption [non-transportation] by the government against the background of the authority of aristocrats and leading temples and shrines increased, and during the period decided by the Kokushi A villa where non-transportation is allowed has also been born.
In that case, there are constant troubles between the development lord and the Kokushi over the range and target of non-transportation in the manor, and the manor's privilege is used to obtain the privilege of non-entry that does not allow messengers such as Kentako to enter. Also came out.
This non-transportation / non-entry right The expansion of the villas strengthened the private control of the land and the people in the villas, leading to the expansion of the donated villas. Under these circumstances, the Kokushi tried to organize the manor, but the confrontation with the lord of the manor became even stronger.
Samurai Growth and Rebellion
During the changes in local politics during the 9th and 10th centuries, local gentry and influential peasants gradually armed themselves to maintain and expand their power, and conflicts began to occur in various parts of the country.
In order to suppress it, the government dispatched slaughterers and tsuibushi, but some of them became officials in the government office and remained in the field to become influential samurai.
They repeatedly struggled with their families and servants, and rebelled against the Kokushi.
These samurai eventually formed a coalition and formed a large samurai corps. Above all, because good horses were produced in Togoku, the mobile samurai corps grew.
It had taken root in the eastern country from early on [ Mr. Kanmu ] Taira no Masakado However, based in Shimosa, they became in conflict with the Kokushi, and in 939, Taira no Masakado And attacked the Kokufu of Hitachi, Shimotsuke, and Ueno, and dropped half of the eastern countries and called them the prince.
However, the same samurai Taira no Sadamori and Hidesato Fujiwara Will be defeated by.
Around the same time, Iyo's Fujiwara no Sumitomo also led the Seto Inland Sea pirates [ Fujiwara no Sumitomo's Ran . ] And drop Iyo Kokufu and Dazaifu, but Seiwa Genji's ancestor, Minamoto no Tsunemoto Will be defeated by.
The east-west turmoil was over, but this revealed a decline in the military power of the imperial court and further strengthened the local samurai corps. These turbulences are from the year [ Jōhei / Tengyo no Ran ] Is also called.
In the invasion of Toi in 1019, a samurai from Kyushu, Fujiwara no Takaie Because it was repelled under the command of, a samurai corps was also formed in Kyushu at that time I can tell you that. In this way, the imperial court and aristocrats who knew the power of the local samurai made them serve as samurai, guarding the palace and guarding the city, and even in the region as a samurai of the Kokushi Pursuit and royal messenger I appointed him to maintain security.
In this way, the samurai gradually became more powerful, and Seiwa Genji and Kanmu Taira will widely organize samurai corps in rural areas to form samurai families.