Speaking of the main achievements of Emperor Kanmu, the capital relocation twice and the stabilization of the Tohoku region. In addition to these, we are carrying out some political reforms, so this time we will investigate political reforms in the early Heian period, including Emperor Kanmu.
Reasons for the success of Emperor Kanmu's big business
First of all, Emperor Kanmu Why was it possible to carry out such a project (twice the relocation of the capital and the expansion of the territory of the nation)? I would like to consider this point.
The predecessor pulled the rail
First, the predecessor Emperor Emperor Konin Achievements. Emperor Konin Already worked on political reconstruction policies such as simplification of administration and finance and reduction of the burden on citizens That can be mentioned.
As is the case in today's era and in any country, if the politics of the former leader continues to be unsuccessful, he will wipe his back at that time, and as a result, the government that wiped his back may be said to have "laid a bad politics."
Emperor Kanmu was going to be a bureaucrat
Next, originally Emperor Kanmu Was desired to advance as a bureaucrat, not to become an emperor.
Growing up to be a bureaucrat is probably in a situation where it's easy to understand the problems at the time (if you're in danger of life, you're likely to focus on yourself and your surroundings). It seems that there were many people who became bureaucrats in their relationships with others.
It may be possible to put the person in the right place only if he knew who he was.
The people around me were fighting on their own.
Lastly, the aristocrats around him were fighting for their relatives rather than fighting for succession to the throne.
Fujiwara no Tanetsugu It is possible that the assassination was not only the work of the breathtaking Buddhist forces, but also the work of the Kita family. Since the number of royal families who draw the lineage of Mr. Fujiwara has already decreased, it seems that the power struggle of relatives was often prioritized over the struggle for succession to the throne.
So far, this is just my guess, but at first the political base was weak Emperor Kanmu . In addition to the elimination of the existing Buddhist forces (it seems that the aristocrats and the emperors were cooperative), the above three points overlapped Emperor Kanmu . Could he have carried out aggressive political reforms that hadn't happened for some time? I think.
Emperor Kanmu's policy
There are two famous policies above, but Emperor Kanmu There were other policies as well. In particular, we are focusing on local political reforms. In addition, there are a wide variety of institutional reforms by Emperor Kanmu, such as personnel reductions and tax reforms that could not be dealt with by the previous decree.
Kumada Receiving Method
For example, Kumada Receiving Method .. This is the system that forms the basis of the Taiho Code ... Ritsuryo nation, and gives Kuchibunda once every 6 years It is that.
After that, because it was not working well due to the increase in population etc., in 723 as a bill to newly reclaim and expand the land, Third Generation One Body Law However, in 743, Konden Einen Shizai Law Is issued. The decree that was made later is only a provision regarding "newly reclaimed land". Kumada Receiving Method Has continued since 701.
However, looking at the common people, military service, labor service, and tax burden are male> female . False registration to reduce the registration of boys because it is The number of people is increasing, and it is difficult for the management side to implement it due to complicated procedures. It was.
So Kumada Receiving Method Once every 6 years Once every 12 years I decided to reduce the number of procedures. Also, public announcement Interest rate interest rate 50% to 30% In addition, miscellaneous 60 to 30 days I tried to reduce the burden on both the common people and the management side, but unfortunately it was not effective. After all, in the 9th century, the number of areas where the group has not been held will increase in 30 and 50 years.
Kamiyoshi Yusuke
Also, don't forget about staffing. The new official officials that were not stipulated in the decree are called foreign officials (Ryoge no Kan), and one of these officials, Kamiyoshi (Kageyushi) was set up. In addition, Kokushi , which was increasing outside the capacity at this time. And Gunji Is abolished.
Understanding messenger Is a document certifying that there was no problem in collecting taxes while in office as Kokushi and managing items paid as taxes (= Certificate of Liberation ) Is passed to the predecessor Kokushi by the new Kokushi. The predecessor could not get the next job without submitting the letter of reason to the Ministry of Shikibu.
So why did you need to oversee the letter of resolution? Of course, there were many things that cheated.
Kokushi dispatched from the center "As a central representative" Kokushi I had to take taxes from those who lived in a country that was governed by. However, Kokushi Decided to disregard the collected taxes and hand over the small amount of documents (although not exactly) and the actual item to the center. Both the newly appointed Kokushi and his predecessor talked to each other and said, "No problem." Solution Was rampant.
There are other ways to fertilize Kokushi's plain clothes. 743 Konden Einen Shizai Law Since the land that has been cleared since the enforcement of the law will belong to the clearers, the Kokushi will miscellaneous to clear it as his own land. It seems that there were cases where the farmers were charged with. Anyway, the fact that fraud was rampant Kokushi Restructuring and Understanding messenger It led to.
A few elite volunteers ⇒ Kenji
By the way, speaking of Emperor Kanmu, there is another famous policy. healthy child It is the introduction of (Kondei). healthy child Is a minority elite volunteer That. Anyway, places other than Tohoku and Kyushu that needed to be allocated Now, abolish the corps and soldiers and healthy children Is adopted. This system was introduced because of concerns about the deterioration of the quality of soldiers.
After all, these policies were necessary reforms, but they were not fully successful. These reforms continue with their sons, Emperor Heijo And Emperor Saga Will be taken over.