Fushū that I often saw when looking for the history of disasters during the Heian period I was curious, so I looked it up and considered it.
What is a prisoner?
Fushū Is Ezo who belonged to the central government from the Nara period to the Heian period. They were sent all over the country after being submitted to the imperial court, but the records show There is no mention of forced migration at the end of 817.
Fushū sent all over the country Kokushi of the country that accepted Are Fushū Supervision / Indoctrination / Protection / Nurturing And was exempt from tax. Food will be provided until you get used to living in the place of residence ( Fushū fee ) However, Fushū does not support itself over time. Seems to have been paid all the time.
Originally Ezo I was good at military skills because I used a bow and had a horse in my daily life It is said that. Wasn't it also excellent in steelmaking technology? There is also a story. I had a horse and had excellent equestrian skills. If so, the government cannot ignore it.
Military personnel in the imperial court
Emperor Kanmu Abolished the corps , which was a huge number of troops The quality of soldiers deteriorates due to the burden of things and Zu Yong Diao and miscellaneous affairs Fushū with excellent military skills Is considered to have been a great resource to fill that gap.
Also, we must not forget the situation in Japan at that time. Fushū Japan was still strongly influenced by the Tang dynasty during the period when it was forcibly relocated. It existed as a decree nation like the "Little China Empire" From this, it is known that in order to "show the virtues of the emperor", even people with different cultures and customs were "citizenized". Fushū Besides, the Silla people who accidentally drifted ashore are also fushū . Like, it seems that it was forced to "citizenize" without taxation.
* It has been pointed out that the forced naturalization of the drifting Silla people is intended to show off the body of the small Chinese empire (intention to show that Japan is in a higher position than Silla) and to "Japanize" the general public.
Silla has changed its relationship with Japan due to its relationship with Tang, but Japan is trying to maintain an equal relationship with Japan because Tang and Silla were trying to maintain the same relationship with Silla when they were in a tense state. To Silla and terrible. Wasn't it the cause of Silla's invasion of Japan later? I personally think.
Main distribution of prisoners
Due to these circumstances, Fushū Was scattered all over the country. The figure below is Fushū It is a diagram showing which country was relocated to.
Source:Social facts data catalog From the regional layout of the prisoners
Especially Higo (Kumamoto), Omi (Shiga), Hitachi in Kita-Kantou , Shimono , Harima Fushū around (Southwestern Hyogo Prefecture) The population of is conspicuous. Regionally, it's called Kanto, Kyushu, and Shikoku.
Higo Is still famous for horse sashimi. In the Nara period, there was already a famous pasture for good horses Others, Kita-Kantou As I mentioned in the Taira no Masakado Ran, Ryouma is a specialty I know that it was. In addition, under the jurisdiction of the left and right horse dormitories, Maki around Kyo is Settsu, Harima, Omi, Tanba Province . It is in. Fushū in all countries of this jurisdiction Fushū because of the immigration You can see that the relationship between horses and horses is quite deep.
Fushū Rebellion
Such Fushū However, it has caused several rebellions.
814 ... Izumo Arakashi Ran
848 ... Kazusa Fushū Ran
855 ... Rikuoku The prisoners kill each other in the hinterland
878 ... Dewa Province Gangyo (Gangyo) Disturbance
939 ... Dewa Province Tengyo (Tengyo) Disturbance
Kazusa Has long been the base of the Tohoku region strategy It is said that important bases for grain transportation etc. But there is also. The turmoil in the areas related to the Tohoku region in the middle of the 9th century does not seem to be unrelated to the plague, long rains and famines from the beginning to the middle of the 9th century.
In the Tohoku region of the 9th century, multiple volcanoes often erupted and were hit by earthquakes several times. This disaster is a precursor to the Ezo rebellion The imperial court seemed to think that it was, so Fushū with a rather strict eye. Including Ezo It seems that they were watching us. These circumstances are also Fushū Wasn't it the cause of the rebellion?
878 Genkei Ran Because the drought and famine after 859 was also in Tohoku Is believed to be. Similarly, in 939, due to the turmoil, Tengyo no Ran It is said that it has evolved into this Tengyo no Ran . About Ainu among the participants And Oshima There is a theory that there may have been a fox (Oshima, southwestern Hokkaido), and the details are unknown.
Still Kazusa And Tohoku The rebellion in was a large number of fushū Was relocated and Ezo It can be said that it is a rebellion in a place that is easy to imagine because it is the home of.
However, Izumo How about?
Izumo from the late 700s to before 814 Disasters in the surrounding area ... Iwami / Aki de Omizu Tax exemption by. It is recorded that this was in June 813 ("Shimane Prefectural Historical Timeline" March 2001, supervised by Daisetsu Fujioka, local publishing company).
However, Izumo Fushū in Accepted 54 people.
Fushū can be an emergency military personnel in a single disaster Izumo no Kuni Was it a heavy burden for you? This may be seen in comparison with other countries.
So, first of all, rice field Let's take a look at (=land register that describes the area of Kuchibunda).
Other country Compared to (divided into large countries, upper countries, China, and lower countries according to the size of the country), the special Kuchibunda The area of is neither large nor small. Izumo Hoki Province who accepted the same number of people as Izumo in (Broom no Kuni / Current Tottori Central to Western) Even more Kuchibunda It is known that the area of is small. On the contrary, Higo accepts a considerable number of people. Is Izumo More Kuchibunda than The situation is that there are few.
(In the case of Kyushu, Kokushi On top of Dazaifu There is an organization called, so it may not be necessary to compare)
Given that, I don't think it's just the burden of food.
Other Fushū Speaking of things that are likely to be a burden to you, war .. Next is War around Izumo Let's take a look.
Izumo Speaking of wars in areas close to, in the near ages, repeated invasions of Tsushima and Kyushu from Shilla after 811 is. At that time, Silla was socially exhausted due to a series of famines in the middle of the 8th century, and internal conflicts continued in the court, such as the deprivation of the throne. Under such circumstances, in December 811, thieves will come to Tsushima on more than 20 ships . .. Since there were 10 people on board the first ship to berth, more than 200 thieves by simple calculation. Has arrived.
This Sillagu Izumo It is said that the participation of security was also encouraged. And this invasion was in February 813 was. At this time as well, there are more than 100 people. Since the number of people is large, there is a possibility of systematic crimes by the country and private gentry, but it has not been clarified.
Summary
If you try to organize these,
■ End of 811 (nearly 812)
Silla thieves invade Tsushima ← Izumo's prisoners also go to guard?
* I couldn't find any mention of the prisoner going to guard, but it is certain that Izumo was guarding against the invasion of thieves.
■ February 813
A thief from Silla invades the Goto archipelago in Nagasaki ← Is this also a guard?
■ June 813
Omizu in Iwami / Aki
Disasters are occurring in Izumo one after another in a short period of time. This area is Fushū It is believed that it was the cause of the rebellion.
Such a forced relocation Fushū However, as a result of suffering from a series of rebellions returning to Oshu in 897 It became a thing.
The prisoners had a great influence on the later samurai, such as how to fight and weapons I looked it up because it was a group, but I think I saw the scale that was said to be "strong soldiers in the Tohoku region" in later times.