1. First Century BC:
- Slavery was primarily associated with warfare, conquest, and criminal punishment.
- Slaves had less protection under the law and were at the complete disposal of their masters.
- Masters held absolute power and could inflict harsh punishments, including death.
- Slave trading was a common practice, but on a smaller scale compared to later periods.
- Slaves were mostly from surrounding areas within the Mediterranean region.
2. Early 1st Century AD (Augustan Period):
- With the expansion of the Roman Empire, slavery became a more significant aspect of Roman society.
- The demand for slaves increased, leading to increased trade and acquisition from diverse regions.
- Slaves began to be used for a wider range of tasks, including agricultural work, domestic labor, mining, and gladiatorial contests.
- Some skilled slaves, such as artisans and scholars, had improved conditions and opportunities for advancement.
3. Mid-1st Century AD (Flavian Period):
- Slave labor became increasingly important in various economic activities, including agriculture and construction.
- The use of slave labor on large estates (latifundia) grew significantly, leading to changes in land management and production methods.
- While some slaves gained specialized skills and responsibilities, the majority still endured harsh living and working conditions.
4. Late 1st Century AD (Trajanic and Hadrianic Periods):
- The Roman Empire reached its peak, and so did the institution of slavery.
- The legal status of slaves improved with the introduction of legal protections, such as restrictions on excessive punishment by masters.
- The concept of "paterfamilias" evolved, providing masters with authority over their household members, including slaves.
- Slave emancipation became more common, often as a reward for faithful service or in exchange for a substantial fee.
5. Towards the End of the 1st Century AD:
- Despite improvements in the legal framework, the lives of many slaves remained harsh.
- Many encountered physical abuse, poor nutrition, and limited access to healthcare.
- Slave revolts occurred periodically, highlighting the ongoing struggle for freedom and better living conditions.
Overall, the 1st century witnessed a growing demand for slaves, the expansion of slave labor in various industries, and the development of legal protections. However, the treatment and experiences of slaves varied widely depending on factors such as their skills, the attitudes of their masters, and the prevailing societal norms of the time.