1. Caesar's Civil Wars: Cleopatra allied with Julius Caesar during the Roman civil wars. She provided him with military support in his conflict against Pompey and his allies.
2. Triumvirate Wars: Cleopatra supported the Triumvirs (Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus) in their conflict against their political opponents, including Brutus and Cassius.
3. Roman-Parthian Wars: Cleopatra and Mark Antony launched several military campaigns against the Parthian Empire, particularly in an attempt to regain control of territories that had been lost by Rome.
4. Actium and the Final War: The most significant military conflict involving Cleopatra was the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. This naval battle, fought against Octavian's forces. was a decisive defeat for Cleopatra and Mark Antony, ultimately leading to their downfall and the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt.
These military engagements were all part of Cleopatra's political and strategic objectives to maintain her power and influence both in Egypt and beyond.