1. Iron Working: The people of Ancient Ghana were skilled iron workers and created various tools and weapons using iron. They used furnaces and forges to smelt iron ore and shape it into desired forms, such as spearheads, arrowheads, knives, and tools for agriculture.
2. Architecture: Ancient Ghanaians were known for their impressive architectural achievements. They constructed elaborate structures, including mud-brick buildings and fortified towns. The architecture showcased a combination of traditional African designs and influences from North African and Middle Eastern cultures.
3. Metallurgy: In addition to iron working, Ancient Ghanaians also practiced metallurgy, working with gold, copper, and silver. They created intricate jewelry, ornaments, and utensils using these metals.
4. Textiles and Leatherworking: The people of Ancient Ghana were skilled in weaving and produced a variety of textiles. They used cotton, wool, and other natural materials to create clothing, as well as decorative items like rugs and tapestries. Leatherworking was also prevalent, and artisans crafted objects such as bags, shoes, and saddles using animal hides.
5. Astronomy and Calendars: Ancient Ghanaians had a deep understanding of astronomy and used celestial bodies to guide agricultural practices and religious ceremonies. They developed solar and lunar calendars to track the changing seasons and predict important events.
6. Mathematics and Currency: Ancient Ghanaians had a grasp of basic mathematics, including addition, subtraction, and multiplication. They developed a currency system using cowrie shells and gold dust for transactions.
7. Water Management: The people of Ancient Ghana constructed dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems to manage and distribute water effectively. These systems allowed for increased agricultural production and sustained a larger population.
While the scientific and technological advancements of Ancient Ghana may seem rudimentary by today's standards, they played a crucial role in shaping the society, economy, and culture of the time. Interactions with neighboring civilizations and trading partners further enriched their knowledge and practices.