He changed identities like gloves and was able to get out of any trouble. In the Home Army, he headed his own intelligence group. Nobody imagined that this trusted man was actually collaborating with the Gestapo. Until he handed over General Rowecki Grot to his death. Why did Ludwik Kalkstein cheat?
It is not known where they came from. Some argue that they are a mixture of many earlier tribes. Others argue that they arose in King Solomons time as a result of the marriage of genies with 500 beautiful Jewish women. One thing is certain - their history is marked by a series of fighting, persecuti
The attacks were not avoided by Polish princes, kings, chiefs, first secretaries and presidents. Some treacherous attacks united us because the tyrant was dying. Others built a wall between us that permanently divided us. They had one thing in common - the world after was no longer the same. Pol
Who were the medieval terrorists hunting for? Which Polish king was stabbed to death by the kidnappers? Why did the Ukrainians want to kill Piłsudski? Did Bierut have a double? You will find the answers to these questions in the book by Marcin Szymaniak, Polish Coups, which you can win in our compet
The Bolsheviks inherited dislike of Poles from the fallen tsarist regime. During their rule, successive transports of Moscows enemies ended up in Siberia. The journey itself was an introduction to the Gulag hell awaiting the exiles. How do the prisoners remember her? The Bolsheviks - just like t
Frost down to minus fifty degrees. Starvation food rations. And slave labor, so hard that the standards imposed by the guards were almost impossible to meet. How did the Poles, who ended up in hell on earth - mines in Kołyma, cope? For decades, Kolyma has been synonymous with death, hunger and s
It was a real testing ground for the Nazis. SS criminals trained here, doctors conducted murderous experiments, and prisoners died of exhaustion, forced to backbreaking labor. What did those who survived say about life in Ravensbrück? The atmosphere of the camp was terrible, said Zofia Czajkowsk
They were sent to Siberian labor camps with long-term sentences. They had to learn the art of surviving in conditions of deadly frost and working beyond human strength. After their return, they wrote down their memories. How did they remember The Cursed Island? Kolyma. Poles in Soviet labor ca
Many Poles would still prefer not to talk about the existence of post-war camps. Discussion about their names - Polish? communist? Stalinist? - is far from being settled. The search for the guilty, however, often draws attention away from the most important - the fate of the prisoners. Do we even kn
Penal expeditions against rebellious populations. Murdering women and children. Raze the whole town to the ground. This is not a description of the crimes committed by the Germans or the Russians. This is the output of Polish legionnaires pacifying the inhabitants of the Apennine Peninsula who fough
When the Germans lost town after town, evacuated their factories and fled to the west in panic, it seemed that hell would end soon. Many of those who thought so were yet to find out what the abyss looks like. And it was [buybox-widget category =book ean =9788308068571 popover-event =hover] Soviet gu
On July 20, 1944, an explosion rocked the Führers headquarters. One person died on the spot, three more died later from their wounds. Hitler suffered only superficially, but it was the most serious of all murder attempts aimed at him. How close was it to be successful? July 20 was a hot and stuffy
Ancient Rome was not the best place to live for Christians. From the very beginning, they fell victim to persecution by religious opponents and the rulers of the empire. There were plenty of methods of killing the followers of the new faith, and the torturers were outdoing each other in ideas for ad
Amon Göth, commandant of the labor camp in Płaszów, had his morning routine. When he woke up, he grabbed binoculars and a gun, then shot prisoners who he thought were working too slowly. It was just one of the many horrific atrocities he had committed. How many people died at his hand? The futur
When the townspeople saw in the morning an approaching squad of soldiers in Soviet uniforms, they became concerned, but did not panic. They even allowed themselves to be tied up to avoid the punishment that the Germans could impose for helping the guerrillas. They didnt know they were going to die i
Love at first sight, parents against the relationship, and war in the background - this story is reminiscent of Romeo and Juliet. And, unfortunately, it ends in a tragic way, although the feelings that connected Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński and his wife Barbara Drapczyńska, she did not manage to overco
The indigenous people of Africa, after many years of colonialism, had the right to dream of better days. Yet the atrocities of the white man that Africa had endured were nothing compared to the animal brutality of the native dictators. Many heroes of liberation turned into bandits. One of them was u
How do you stay decent when blind hate-driven violence is rampant all around? In the hour of the trial, Albert Battel, a Wehrmacht lieutenant, did so. To save the Jews crammed into the Przemyśl ghetto, he was not afraid to oppose the SS, which attracted the attention of Heinrich Himmler himself.
Before Piotr Painter appeared, policemen in London were unarmed, and the people of England lived a bit like the hobbits from the novel by J. R. R. Tolkien. All evil lurked somewhere far away - on the continent. However, a gang of Russian anarchists made the Islands lose their innocence as well.
Plata o plomo - silver or lead - the life maxim of Pablo Escobar applied to everything and everyone. The Colombian drug lord had no mercy. He commissioned the murders of politicians, representatives of the judiciary, and business competitors. In 1989, he handed down a ruling on football referee Álva
Taking power in 1933, Hitler found the economy ruined and in just a few years he turned Germany into a land of milk and honey. So much for a myth. The truth was completely different. In fact, the Nazi leader owed the state to such an extent that the Third Reich was on the verge of bankruptcy in 1938
The story of the crimes of the four from Groveland is one of the greatest examples of the injustice of the American judiciary. To this day, it is a show of lawlessness with which a large part of the US population faces. Reason? The four from Groveland were four black men whose only crime was living
The Gestapo was a highly efficient and well-prepared tool of the Nazi German regime. With very few agents they managed to control the population of both Germany and the occupied countries. Efficiency in your organization was one of the keys to your success. The organization of the Gestapo The organ
Micro-history it is the story of small events that serves as an anchor point to analyze in detail the big events, and which differs from the macro story, that is the story of big events, especially in the general framework phase. Ill give you a practical example to frame the Microstoria, talking