* Inadequate food and water: Enslaved Africans were often given insufficient food and water, which led to starvation and dehydration.
* Brutality: Enslaved Africans were often beaten, tortured, and sexually abused by the crew of the ships.
* Disease: Disease was rampant on slave ships, and many Africans died from diseases such as smallpox, measles, and yellow fever.
* Psychological trauma: The Middle Passage was a terrifying and traumatic experience for enslaved Africans, who were often separated from their families and friends and subjected to unimaginable horrors.