After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the Romans abolished the Jewish state and established a new province called Judaea. The province was governed by a Roman governor who was responsible for all aspects of administration. The Jewish people were no longer allowed to practice their religion openly, and they were subjected to heavy taxation and persecution.
In 324 CE, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts, and Palestine became part of the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantine Empire was a Christian state, and the Jewish people were still not allowed to practice their religion openly. However, the Byzantine emperors were more tolerant of the Jews than the Romans had been, and they allowed them to build synagogues and schools.
In 638 CE, Palestine was conquered by the Arab Muslims. The Muslims established a new government in Palestine called the caliphate. The caliphate was a centralized government, and the caliph was the supreme ruler. The caliphs were tolerant of the Jews and Christians, and they allowed them to practice their religion freely.
In 1099 CE, Palestine was conquered by the Crusaders. The Crusaders established a new government in Palestine called the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a feudal state, and the king was the supreme ruler. The Crusaders were not tolerant of the Jews and Muslims, and they persecuted them severely.
In 1291 CE, the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine by the Mamluks. The Mamluks were a Turkic dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria. The Mamluks established a new government in Palestine called the Mamluk Sultanate. The Mamluk Sultanate was a centralized government, and the sultan was the supreme ruler. The Mamluks were tolerant of the Jews and Christians, and they allowed them to practice their religion freely.
In 1517 CE, Palestine was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. The Ottoman Turks established a new government in Palestine called the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was a centralized government, and the sultan was the supreme ruler. The Ottoman Turks were tolerant of the Jews and Christians, and they allowed them to practice their religion freely.
In 1917 CE, Palestine was conquered by the British. The British established a new government in Palestine called the British Mandate. The British Mandate was a protectorate, and the British High Commissioner was the supreme ruler. The British were tolerant of the Jews and Christians, and they allowed them to practice their religion freely.
In 1948 CE, the State of Israel was established. The State of Israel is a parliamentary democracy, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The State of Israel is a secular state, and all citizens are free to practice their religion.