- Flogging: This was the most common form of punishment, and could be administered for a wide range of offences, from petty theft to attempted escape. Floggings were typically carried out in public, and the number of lashes could vary from a few to several hundred.
- Transportation: Convicts could be transported to another penal colony, such as Norfolk Island or Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania). Transportation was often seen as a more severe punishment than flogging, as it meant being separated from family and friends for a long period of time.
- Solitary confinement: This was used as a punishment for more serious offences, such as murder or attempted mutiny. Convicts who were sentenced to solitary confinement were held in dark and isolated cells, and they were only allowed out for a few hours each day for exercise.
- Death: The death penalty was reserved for the most serious offences, such as murder or mutiny. Convicts who were sentenced to death were typically hanged, but in some cases they were also burned alive or flayed.