1. Absence of a clear system: While some Islamic dynasties had established succession rules, many did not have a clear mechanism to determine who would inherit the throne. This was especially true in the early periods of Islamic history when tribal customs and traditions played a significant role.
2. Rivalries and power struggles: Conflicts often arose among different branches of the ruling dynasty, as well as between the dynasty and powerful military commanders or provincial governors. These conflicts often led to civil wars and political instability.
3. Military influence: In many Islamic empires, the military played a crucial role in politics. Military leaders often held significant power and influence, and could be instrumental in determining who succeeded the ruler. This could lead to situations where military leaders supported different candidates for the throne, further exacerbating tensions.
4. Role of religious scholars and factions: Religious scholars and different religious factions often wielded considerable influence in Islamic societies. Their support or opposition to a particular successor could have a significant impact on the stability of the succession.
What often happened when a ruler died:
1. Power struggles and conflicts: The death of a ruler often triggered power struggles among different factions and claimants to the throne. These struggles could lead to violent confrontations, civil wars, and even the fragmentation of the empire.
2. Assassination and intrigue: In many cases, rulers were assassinated or overthrown by their rivals or disgruntled factions. This could lead to a cycle of violence and political instability.
3. Emergence of new dynasties: In some instances, the death of a ruler marked the end of a dynasty and the rise of a new one. This could lead to significant political and social changes, as well as shifts in the balance of power.
4. Rebellions and revolts: The death of a ruler could also trigger rebellions and revolts by disaffected groups or regions within the empire. These rebellions could further destabilize the political situation and challenge the authority of the new successor.