1. Symbol of Peaceful Resistance: Rizal's advocacy for reforms through non-violent means and intellectual struggle resonated with the Americans' desire for a stable and cooperative colonial environment. His emphasis on education and social progress aligned with the American mission of "civilizing" the Philippines.
2. Intellectual Legacy: Rizal's extensive writings, including novels and essays, provided a coherent and articulate critique of Spanish colonialism. His works inspired a sense of national identity and unity, which the Americans found useful in mobilizing support for their colonial administration.
3. Absence of Violent Leadership: Unlike Bonifacio, who led the armed struggle against the Spanish, Rizal did not directly engage in military conflicts. This made him a less controversial figure and minimized potential resistance from Filipino nationalists who might have opposed the Americans if Bonifacio were chosen.
4. Acceptability to the Elites: The Filipino elites, who played a significant role in shaping public opinion, favored Rizal as a national symbol. They appreciated Rizal's intellectual sophistication, moderate views, and global stature. His death at the hands of the Spanish authorities further cemented his image as a tragic hero.
5. American Narratives: The Americans carefully crafted historical narratives that emphasized Rizal's life and ideas, while downplaying the role of more radical leaders like Bonifacio. This narrative served the purpose of promoting their own colonial project and projecting an image of enlightened leadership.
6. Influence of the Propaganda Movement: The Propaganda Movement, led by ilustrados like Rizal, had already laid the groundwork for Rizal's elevation to national hero status. Their campaigns for reforms within the Spanish system resonated with the American desire for stability and gradual change.
It is important to note that the choice of national heroes is often a complex and contested process, influenced by various historical, political, and social factors. While Rizal's selection was supported by many Filipinos at the time, it has been subject to ongoing debate and re-evaluation in the context of a broader understanding of Philippine history and the contributions of other key figures in the nation's struggle for independence.