Several factors can contribute to leapfrogging. These include:
- The absence or limited existence of legacy systems: Developing nations may not be tied down by extensive legacy infrastructure, allowing them to adopt new technologies more easily. For instance, some countries were able to build 5G telecommunication networks directly without having to upgrade from previous generations, giving them faster connectivity.
- Lower cost of new technologies: Rapid advancements often make newer technologies more affordable for developing countries, making it possible for them to invest in these while bypassing earlier and outdated options.
- Digital inclusiveness: The expansion of digital technologies and increased internet access in developing nations can level the playing field, enabling widespread access to information and services, regardless of infrastructure limitations.
- Government policies: Governments in developing countries may play an active role in promoting technological adoption by investing in infrastructure and formulating supportive policies. For example, certain nations have implemented policies that encourage digital literacy and innovation.
- Innovation and entrepreneurship: Leapfrogging can be driven by local innovation and entrepreneurial initiatives. Startups in developing countries often pioneer new solutions tailored to local needs and constraints.
Examples of leapfrogging in different sectors include:
- Mobile payments: Many countries, particularly in Africa, have rapidly adopted mobile payment systems for financial transactions, leading to increased financial inclusion even in areas with limited access to traditional banking services.
- Renewable energy: Some developing nations have turned to renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, due to lower costs, resource availability, and energy shortages.
- Education technology: Ed-tech tools, such as online platforms and mobile learning, are making education accessible in remote or economically disadvantaged regions, often with lower resources compared to developed nations.
- E-governance: Developing countries are utilizing technology to improve governance, such as providing citizens with online government services, which reduces corruption and increases transparency.
While leapfrogging presents opportunities for rapid development, it also brings challenges such as the need for training, infrastructure maintenance, rural connectivity, and data privacy. Nonetheless, it underscores the potential of technology and innovation to transform societies, particularly in areas facing socioeconomic hurdles.