1. Scope of Authority: The national government has powers and responsibilities defined by the U.S. Constitution and federal laws. These powers are generally broader and encompass matters of national concern and interstate relations. State governments have authority over matters within their geographical boundaries and are responsible for local affairs, public safety, education, healthcare, infrastructure, among other things.
2. Sovereignty: The national government is sovereign, meaning it has ultimate authority within the United States and its territories. State governments, while having significant autonomy, are subordinate to the national government and must operate within the framework set by the U.S. Constitution.
3. Foreign Policy: The national government has exclusive authority over foreign policy, including diplomacy, international relations, treaties, and military affairs. State governments do not have the power to conduct foreign policy independently.
4. Interstate Commerce: The national government has the power to regulate interstate commerce, including trade between states and foreign nations. State governments can regulate intrastate commerce within their borders, but cannot interfere with interstate commerce.
5. Currency: The national government has the sole authority to mint coins, print money, and regulate the currency. State governments cannot create their own currency or legal tender.
6. National Defense: The national government has the responsibility to provide for the common defense of the nation, including maintaining armed forces and deploying them as needed. State governments have limited authority related to their National Guard and can provide assistance in emergencies.
7. Postal Services: The national government has exclusive authority over the establishment and operation of the postal service. State governments cannot create their own postal systems.
8. Immigration and Naturalization: The national government has exclusive authority over immigration and naturalization policies. State governments cannot set their own immigration laws or grant citizenship.
These are some of the key differences in the general duties of national and state governments. The balance of power between the two levels of government is a fundamental principle of American federalism and has been shaped by constitutional interpretation, Supreme Court decisions, and historical precedents over time.