- Displacement of civilians
- Loss of life
- Increased crime
- Social unrest
Economic effects
- Widespread destruction
- Loss of economic opportunities
- Increased debt
- Disruption of trade
Environmental effects
- Pollution of air, water, and land
- Deforestation
- Destruction of wildlife
- Climate change
Political effects
- Weakening of government institutions
- Rise of authoritarianism
- Increased militarism
- Destabilization of the region
Cultural effects
- Loss of cultural heritage
- Destruction of religious sites
- Erosion of traditional values
- Spread of foreign culture