1. Tissue Analysis and Diagnosis:
The pathology department is equipped with advanced technologies such as microscopes, automated analyzers, and immunohistochemistry. Pathologists analyze tissues, fluid samples, and biopsies under these microscopes to identify abnormal cellular changes and diagnose various medical conditions, including cancers and infections.
2. Frozen Sections:
In certain urgent cases, pathologists may perform frozen section biopsies. During surgeries, a small tissue sample is rapidly processed and examined to provide a quick diagnosis during the procedure, assisting surgeons in making immediate decisions.
3. Cytopathology:
Cytopathology is a branch of pathology that involves the study of cells obtained from various sources, such as Pap smears from the cervix or fine-needle aspirates from suspicious lesions. Pathologists identify cellular abnormalities to detect cancer or other diseases.
4. Clinical Chemistry:
The pathology department includes a clinical chemistry section that measures and analyzes various chemical substances in blood, urine, and other fluids. These analyses help in diagnosing metabolic conditions, electrolyte imbalances, and assessing organ functions, such as liver or kidney function.
5. Hematology:
This section focuses on the study of blood and its components, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin levels. Pathologists investigate blood disorders, anemia, leukemia, and assess clotting mechanisms.
6. Medical Microbiology:
Medical microbiologists in pathology departments identify infectious diseases by analyzing microbial cultures from patient samples. They perform tests to detect and characterize bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites responsible for infections, aiding in appropriate antibiotic selection.
7. Molecular Pathology:
Molecular pathology utilizes advanced techniques like polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and gene sequencing to analyze DNA and RNA at a molecular level. This helps in diagnosing genetic diseases, identifying genetic mutations, and personalizing patient therapies based on genetic profiles.
8. Autopsy:
Pathologists may conduct autopsies to examine the body and organs after death. These post-mortem examinations provide crucial information about the cause of death and can aid in understanding various disease processes.
The pathology department is a vital part of patient care and provides essential support to other departments within the hospital. Pathologists work closely with clinicians, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals to ensure accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and contribute to scientific research and advancements in medicine.