1. Authoritarian Rule: Marcos employed authoritarian methods to maintain power. He declared Martial Law in 1972, which lasted for 14 years, granting him nearly absolute authority. During this period, critics of Marcos faced harassment, imprisonment, or worse.
2. Economic Policies: Marcos initiated several economic policies that aimed to boost the country's development and alleviate poverty. However, these policies often led to cronyism, benefiting a select group close to Marcos. Critics alleged that government resources and projects were directed to favor Marcos and his associates, leading to accusations of corruption and favoritism.
3. Political Acumen: Marcos possessed a skilled political mind, allowing him to navigate and maintain control over a complex political landscape. His ability to consolidate power and stay in office for two decades despite mounting opposition showcased his political acumen.
4. Public Infrastructure Projects: Marcos undertook numerous infrastructure projects, including roads, bridges, and buildings. Some recognized the positive impact of these projects in modernizing the country. However, critics argued that the projects were often overpriced and financed through dubious means, resulting in massive debt for the Philippines.
5. Human Rights Abuses: Marcos's regime was characterized by widespread human rights violations. Dissidents, activists, and journalists faced harsh treatment, torture, and even extrajudicial killings. Critics accused the Marcos government of systematic suppression of civil liberties and fundamental freedoms.
6. Political Dynasty: Marcos established a political dynasty, with his wife, Imelda Marcos, serving as the Governor of Metro Manila and his son, Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., entering politics. This political continuity extended the Marcos influence even after his downfall.
7. Exile and Return: After the People Power Revolution in 1986, Marcos was forced into exile in Hawaii, where he died in 1989. Despite the negative perceptions associated with his presidency, significant efforts were made by the Marcos family and supporters to rehabilitate his image and eventually return to power.
8. Historical Controversies: The legacy of Ferdinand Marcos remains a contentious topic in the Philippines, with ongoing debates and controversies surrounding his presidency. Historical accounts and assessments of Marcos's rule vary greatly, often split along political and generational lines.
In summary, Ferdinand Marcos exemplified characteristics of authoritarian leadership, economic policies with mixed results, political acumen, infrastructure development, human rights violations, the establishment of a political dynasty, and historical controversies surrounding his legacy.