a. Empathy
b. Logos
c. Appeals-to-ignorance
d. Pathos
Answer: c. Appeals-to-ignorance
Justification: Appeals to ignorance refers to assuming something is true simply because it has not been proven false, or conversely, assuming something is false because it has not been proven true. Persuasive speaking primarily revolves around presenting reasoned arguments using logic (logos), understanding and appealing to the audience's emotions (pathos), and building rapport through empathy. Appeals to ignorance, however, fall into the fallacy category and lack a solid rational foundation.