Exercises on the Protestant Reformation

(MetroCapital Soluções) He was an Augustinian monk and Germanic professor of theology who became one of the central figures of the Protestant Reformation. He vehemently rose up against various tenets of Roman Catholicism, contesting the doctrine that God's forgiveness could be acquired by trading indulgences. This initial disagreement resulted in the publication of his famous 95 Theses in 1517, in a context of open conflict against the indulgence seller Johann Tetzel. His refusal to recant his writings at the request of Pope Leo X in 1520 and Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication from the Roman Church and his condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Check the correct alternative that presents the name of this important character in the story:

a) John Calvin

b) Martin Luther

c) Philipp Melanchthon

d) Jan Hus

e) Frei Caneca

(Omni – adapted) Through the religious reforms, mark the alternative that presents some theological principles of the Calvinist reform:

a) moral rigidity and strict discipline:condemnation of entertainment, obedience to rulers, criticism of idolatry, prohibition of worship and the use of images and idols both in temples and at home.

b) preservation of elements of Roman tradition:liturgy, sacraments and episcopacy, permanence of two sacraments:Baptism and Eucharist.

c) encouragement of independent congregations, regulated by the new church, advocating that baptism could be performed exclusively at age 21, and social scope of the reforms.

d) advocated that the King of England establish himself as head of the Calvinist Church.

e) none of the alternatives.

(Ameosc – adapted) Not among the main measures taken by the Church to stop the advance of Protestantism:

a) encouraging the creation of new religious orders.

b) strengthening the Court of Inquisition.

c) abolition of the Index.

d) creation of seminaries to train priests.

e) prohibition of indulgences

(Furb) The Saint Bartholomew massacre, unleashed on the night of August 24, 1572, is the culmination of the political and religious crisis between the Catholic and Protestant elites that lasted ten years old. In Paris, the executions of thousands of Protestants took place over the course of several days and the royal power was directly accused of instigating the events.

It was a consequence of this episode a/o:

a) Edict of Nantes.

b) Treaty of Paris.

c) Edict of Tolerance.

d) Edict of Fontainebleau.

e) Treaty of Verdun.

Conflict that took place in the 16th century and that started in Bohemia for religious reasons:

a) Hundred Years War

b) Thirty Years' War

c) Anglo-Dutch War

d) Anglo-Spanish War

e) There were no conflicts motivated by religion.

The Anglican Church was established after the King of England, Henry VIII, was denied a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The English king wished to separate from his wife to marry whom:

a) Anne Boleyn

b) Mary of Scots

c) Catarina Parr

d) Anne of Cleves

e) Alexandrina Vitória

Among the causes that explain the success and advancement of religious reforms across Europe is:

a) the strengthening of Islam in the East.

b) the dispute between Orthodox and Catholics.

c) the appointment of William of Orange as King of England.

d) political fragmentation in the Italian peninsula.

e) the desire for political autonomy of many European kingdoms.

Bohemian theologian who criticized the wealth of the Catholic Church and practices such as indulgences and who was sentenced to death for heresy:

a) Martin Luther

b) John Calvin

c) John Wycliff

d) Jan Huss

e) None of the above names

The Council of Trent was held for what purpose:

a) ensure the growth of the Lutheran faith in the lands of the Holy Roman Empire.

b) put an end to religious persecution in Switzerland.

c) debating the legality of Henry VIII's divorce.

d) establish strategies to contain the advance of Protestantism.

e) none of the above.

Why do we say the Kappel Peace was important for the development of Calvinism in Switzerland?

a) Because it established religious tolerance in Switzerland.

b) Because it allowed John Calvin to be enriched.

c) Because it established the forced conversion of citizens to Calvinism.

d) Because it allowed John Calvin to become King of Switzerland.

e) The Kappel Peace had nothing to do with Calvinism.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five soles, core beliefs of Lutheran Protestantism:

a) Sola sanctus

b) Sola fide

c) Sola scriptura

d) Sola gratia

e) Sola Christus

The first reformer to translate the Bible into a vernacular was:

a) Jan Huss

b) John Wycliff

c) Martin Luther

d) John Calvin

e) Ignatius of Loyola

LETTER B

The German monk Martin Luther was responsible for initiating the Religious Reforms. He was Catholic and did not agree with some practices within the Church, especially indulgences. Therefore, he wrote a letter that was named 95 Theses, in which he weaved criticism of the Church and indulgences.

LETER A

Calvinists were marked by Puritanism, that is, they were against entertainment and demanded a strictly rigid life from their faithful. They should be hard at work and their faith and should not participate in entertainment such as parties and games, nor consume alcohol, for example.

LETER C

The abolition of the Index was not one of the measures to contain the advance of Protestantism, but its adoption. Through the Index, the Catholic Church established a series of books that became forbidden to its faithful, and this included Protestant publications and other works, such as the publications of Copernicus.

LETER A

The violence of religious intolerance in France led to the approval of the Edict of Nantes, a document that established, from 1598 onwards, the persecution of the Huguenots, the name by which the Calvinists were known in France. The document also established that France was a Catholic nation, but allowed the practice of other Christian faiths.

LETER B

The Thirty Years' War took place between 1518 and 1548 and was motivated by religious differences within the Holy Roman Empire. The persecution of Protestants by Catholic emperors fueled religious rivalry in regions such as Bohemia and led to the defenestration of Prague, an event that started the conflict.

LETER A

Henry VIII wished to separate from Catherine of Aragon to marry a court lady named Anne Boleyn. His argument was the fact that Catherine of Aragon could not give him an heir. Catherine of Aragon's family, in turn, had a strong influence on Pope Clement VII, who rejected the English king's request.

LETTER E

Politically speaking, the success of the Protestant Reformation can be explained by the desire of many monarchs to free themselves from the influence and domination of the Catholic Church. That's because the weakening of the Church would bring greater political autonomy to them, and, because of that, many monarchs started to support the Protestants.

LETER D

Jan Huss was a theologian born in Bohemia (now Czechia) who was marked by criticizing the Catholic Church, mainly because of the opulence of this institution and practices understood by him as immoral. , such as the collection of indulgences. Huss was excommunicated for his criticisms and later tried and sentenced to death at the stake.

LETER D

The Council of Trent was held between the years 1545 and 1563, being convoked by Pope Paul III. Its main objective was to create strategies to stop the advance of Protestantism in Europe and guarantee the position of the Catholic faith.

LETER A

The Peace of Kappel ended a civil war fought in Switzerland for religious reasons. Through this treaty, religious tolerance was established in Switzerland, which ensured the emergence and growth of Calvinism there through John Calvin.

LETER A

The five soles are foundational beliefs of the Protestant faith that were established through Martin Luther. They are:Sola fide (faith only), S hello scriptura (writing only), S hello Christus (Christ only), S hello, thank you (only grace), S oli Deo gloria (Glory to God alone).

LETER C

Martin Luther was the first reformer to translate the Bible into a vernacular language, translating it into German. The Bible translated by Luther was not the first German version, but it was nevertheless very successful, selling thousands of copies. Luther's translation was published in 1534.