- The last Stuart king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
- Ruled from 1685 to 1688.
- A Roman Catholic, James II faced opposition from Protestant subjects.
- His attempts to promote religious tolerance and give Catholics more rights led to the Glorious Revolution.
William of Orange:
- Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic.
- Husband of Mary Stuart, the daughter of James II.
- Invited by English Protestants to invade England and overthrow James II.
- Landed in England in 1688 with an army, leading to James II's flight and the Glorious Revolution.
- Became King William III of England, Scotland, and Ireland, jointly ruling with Mary II until her death in 1694.