Descendant of slaves, Lumina Sophie, known as Surprise (1848 – 1879), rose up against segregation and persistent racism in Martinique after the abolition of slavery. A youth marked by segregation Lumina Sophie was born as Marie-Philomène Sophie on November 5, 1848, in Vauclin, Martinique. His moth
L The Spaniards estimated that Guerrero dedicated himself to training the Mayans to defend his territory Gonzalo Guerrero was a Spanish conquistador who was captured and enslaved by the Mayans. Years later, when Hernán Cortés wanted to free him, Gonzalo had already become an Indian warrior. Gon
French conspirator. One of the leaders of the Breton chouannerie, he plotted against Bonaparte in 1800 and in 1803 during the attack on the Infernal Machine. From London, the royalists had financed a bomb, Napoleon escaped the explosion which caused other victims that evening in Paris.
Louis-Philippe was successively Duke of Valois (1773-1785), Duke of Chartres (1785-1793), Duke of Orléans (1793-1830) then King of the French (1830-1848). As a child, he enjoyed an education nourished by liberal ideas. After joining the revolutionary party (like his father Louis-Philippe dOrléans,