- Emphasize interconnectedness of humans and nature/
- Value oral traditions
2. Eastern philosophies:
- Confucianism emphasizes social relationships/
-Buddhism seeks liberation form suffering
3. African philosophies:
- Ubuntu: emphasizes communalism and humanity/
- Asante philosophy: values wisdom , respect and critical thinking
4. Feminist critiques:
- Highlight experiences and contributions of women
5. Postcolonial narratives:
- Center the experiences of colonized people