1. Reorganization and Expansion: Hughes undertook a significant reorganization of the Canadian militia system. He replaced the old decentralized structure with a more centralized command, creating the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF). He also oversaw the expansion of the army from a small peacetime force to a significant combat-ready army capable of deploying overseas.
2. Training and Readiness: Hughes implemented rigorous training programs for the CEF, focusing on artillery, infantry, and cavalry tactics. He established training camps across Canada, such as the Valcartier Camp in Quebec, to prepare soldiers for the realities of trench warfare.
3. Procurement and Equipment: Hughes was responsible for procuring and distributing essential supplies, equipment, and weapons for the troops. He established the Canadian Arsenals Limited to manufacture ammunition and small arms domestically. He also collaborated with the British government to secure additional military equipment and resources.
4. Military Leadership and Strategy: Hughes selected and appointed competent officers to lead the CEF. He advocated for an aggressive approach, emphasizing the importance of offensive tactics and a willingness to engage the enemy in combat.
5. Mobilization and Deployment: Hughes oversaw the mobilization of troops and their deployment to Europe. He ensured that the CEF was ready to join the Allied forces on the Western Front as quickly as possible.
Despite some criticisms and controversies surrounding his methods and decisions, Sam Hughes played a crucial role in preparing the Canadian army for World War I. His efforts laid the foundation for the country's participation in the war and helped ensure that the Canadian troops were adequately trained, equipped, and organized to face the challenges of the conflict.