1. White-Tailed Deer: Deer was a crucial source of meat for mound builder societies. During seasonal migration, large groups of deer would move through their territory, providing an abundant food supply.
2. Wild Turkey: Wild turkey, native to North America, was an important game bird for mound builders. They used a variety of hunting techniques to capture turkeys, including trapping and bow hunting.
3. Fish and Aquatic Resources: Mound builders living near rivers, lakes, or marshes had a rich source of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic resources. They employed various fishing methods, such as spearfishing, netting, and using fish traps.
4. Nuts: A wide variety of nuts, such as acorns and hickory nuts, were collected and consumed by mound builders. These nuts provided a nutritious source of fat and protein.
5. Native Fruits and Berries: Mound builder societies utilized native fruits and berries as part of their diet, including blueberries, blackberries, and raspberries.
6. Squash: Squash was a prominent crop grown by mound builders and served as a staple in their diet. They cultivated different types of squash, including summer squash and winter squash, which provided essential nutrients.
7. Maize (Corn): Although corn (maize) was introduced later in the mound builder period, it eventually became a significant food source. Mound builders cultivated corn and used it in various ways, such as making cornmeal and corn bread.
8. Beans: Beans, along with squash and corn, formed the foundation of the "Three Sisters" planting method utilized by mound builders. Beans were a vital part of their diet, providing protein and enriching the soil.
9. Meat from Elk, Bison, and Bears: In some regions, mound builders also hunted larger animals like elk, bison, and bears, although these might have been secondary food sources depending on the availability of these animals in their environment.
It's worth noting that mound building cultures existed over a long period and covered a vast geographic area, so their specific food sources could vary somewhat depending on the region and time period.