Si Satchanalai

Terrain

General Condition

Si Satchanalai covers a total area of ​​approximately 45.14 square kilometers, formerly known as “Mueang Chaliang” and change the name to “Si Satchanalai” In the reign of the Phra Ruang dynasty ruled Sukhothai and built a new city as the administrative center instead of the city of Chaliang There are more than 200 archaeological sites in the historical park area.

The ancient city of Si Satchanalai is located on a plain on the west bank of the Yom River. The position of the city parallel to the Yom River along the northwest and southeast. The city was surrounded by mountains. making it look like a city in a valley The Phra Si mountain range is on the west side. which consists of Khao Phra Si and Khao Rang Vultures The Phanom Ploeng Mountains will be positioned east to west. which consists of Khao Kaeo and Khao Yai The Khao Suwan Khiri and Khao Phanom Ploeng are located within the city. The eastern part of the Yom River will be the Phrabat Mountains and Khao In which is the same mountain range as the Phanom Ploeng Mountain Range, but is cut through by the Yom River.

On the north side of Si Satchanalai there is an old channel. Which is now a large trench known as the full eye groove, with water flowing from the west. through the north side of the city and into the Yom River This trench holds water during the rainy season and dries up in the dry season.

In the east of Si Satchanalai there is another ancient city known as Mueang Chaliang, which is assumed to be the city that was born before the construction of Si Satchanalai in Kaeng Luang area. The sloping condition comes from the Si Satchanalai area, causing the Chaliang area to be lower than the Si Satchanalai area.

Si Satchanalai District is located at the northern end of Sukhothai Province. having territories adjacent to neighboring territories as follows:

1. North:connects to Wang Chin and Denchai districts. (Phrae Province)

2. East:connects to Laplae and Tron districts. (Uttaradit Province)

3. South, connects to Srinakhon District Sawankhalok District and Thung Saliam district

4. The west is connected to Thoen District. (Lampang Province)

Height above mean sea level

Waterway

Yom River

Geological conditions

The condition of the area is relatively smooth to the undulating area, slightly sloping and the condition of the hill. Most of the area slopes from the west side to the east side. Soil characteristics include soils formed by shale decomposition and soils formed by river sediments. It is a soil with relatively high fertility.

The western mountain range is the Ratchaburi rock group. Classified in the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Southwest Mountain Range It is a group of Tanaosri stones. Organized in the Carboniferous and Silurian Devonian eras, Si Satchanalai is located in the area commonly known as Kaeng Luang, which is the rapids in the Yom River caused by the flow through the mountains, a quartz rock wall. Standing across the Yom River of the Yom River

Archaeological Era

era/culture

Types of archaeological sites

archaeological essence

Information from the Fine Arts Department (Special Chia Chanphong 2003 :72-77) indicates that the Yom River Basin and the slopes of Khao Phra Sri, Khao Yai, Khao Suwan Khiri, and Khao Phanom Ploeng are suitable areas for settlement. because there are rivers and mountains as a fortress surrounded And there is also abundance from the Yom River and the small canals that connect the area. As a result, communities have formed in this area since the prehistoric period, the Neolithic period, etc.

New Stone Age

Found evidence from the survey, such as the polished stone ax at Tha Chai Subdistrict Si Satchanalai District, Si Nakhon District (about 15 kilometers from the city of Si Satchanalai) and in the city of Si Satchanalai Found a terrazzo ax and stone beads at his arm, Khao Ka.

Late Prehistoric -Before Sukhothai period (Cheliang) (specially, Chia Chanphong 2003; Suradet Wichitjarukul 1994)

from the excavation of the Fine Arts Department when 1993-1994 To study the Chaliang community around Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat Temple, Chom Chuen Temple and Chao Chan Temple. Si Satchanalai Excavations discovered traces of people's habitation in the 9th Buddhist century onwards and found 12 skeletons with glass beads. and a rectangular clay rod with tapered ends on both sides, dating around the 11th-12th Buddhist century.

Later, evidence was found to be a contemporary Dvaravati community in the central region. Found evidence of a large brick archaeological site in 2 periods before reaching the Sukhothai floor. from the carbon-14 aging method. The age is about 15-16 Buddhist century. Next to this layer is the soil layer in Lopburi or Khmer culture. Brick is still popular as a building material. It was found with terracotta eaves tiles to make the images of Apsorn and Angels. Gabu tile Popular in Khmer art in the Bayon period The evidence found in these fields is contemporary with the arch of Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat Chaliang. which is carved in laterite stone and decorated with stucco 4 sides of Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, Goddess and Nang Apsara dancing Comparable to Khmer art in the Bayon period, around the 18th Buddhist century.

Before Pho Khun Si Inthrathit was the ruling king of Sukhothai There are events that appear in inscriptions and chronicles. Confirmed that there were already two ancient cities in the Yom River Basin, namely Sukhothai and Mueang Chaliang or Si Satchanalai.

Evidence of ancient Chinese and Thai documents around the 16th Buddhist century mentions an ancient community. It is estimated that it is in the area of ​​Sukhothai Province. By the Chinese documents of the Sung Dynasty, called "Chen Liang", the Yonok chronicle (around 1557 BC), called "Dan Mean Dong", it is accepted that it is the same name as the city of Cheliang. which later also appears in documentary evidence of both Sukhothai, Lanna and Ayutthaya. is the former name of the city of Si Satchanalai It should have been around since the 16th Buddhist century or 200-300 years after Sukhothai was established as the capital. Therefore, the name was changed to the city of Si Satchanalai (Department of Fine Arts 1992 :13).

Chaliang prospered along the bend of the Yom River. surrounded by stone walls and a moat Important evidence that shows the old city of Cheliong. That is the ancient site of various temples such as Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat Chaliang. It is considered a community or city center in the Yom River basin during this period.

Later, the city of Si Satchanalai was built on the north side of Chaliang about 1.5 kilometers away. The city of Si Satchanalai was important along with the city of Sukhothai. From the evidence it is mentioned that Pho Khun Srinao Nam Thom was the king of two cities, which was the reign of both Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai (before 1781 B.E.).

Sukhothai period (specially, Chia Chanphong 2003; Suradet Wichitjarukul 1994)

When Pho Khun Sinao Nam Thom or Pho Khun Si Nao Nam Thum died Khmer Sabad Klon Lamphong used force to seize both Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai. Later, Pho Khun Pha, the city governor of Rad Por Khun Sri Nao leads the treasury together with Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao. have recaptured both cities. Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao was established as the ruling king of Sukhothai, named "Phor Khun Si Inthrathit", Phra Ruang Dynasty.

Father Khun Sri Inthrathit would have sent a big son, Pho Khun Ban Muang. to rule the city of Si Satchanalai Later, King Ban Muang reigned over Sukhothai. Father Khun Ramkhamhaeng would have ruled the city of Si Satchanalai. which is probably the source of the word Luk Luang city

When King Ramkhamhaeng ascended the throne as the king of Sukhothai His Majesty developed, restored and renovated the country in terms of economy and society. Politics, governance, religion and culture as well. especially making pottery Religious He dug up the relics and built a condensed relics and built a wall around the middle of Sukhothai.

When Phraya Lethai died and later, Phra Yang Num Thom became the reigning King of Sukhothai. At that time, Phraya Lithai was the viceroy of Si Satchanalai until 1890. Phraya Lithai had brought troops from Si Satchanalai to seize power in Sukhothai. and Savoarat was the king of Sukhothai.

Throughout the period of Phra Maha Thammaracha Litai as Viceroy and King Please build a large number of religious places. both in Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai.

The city of Si Satchanalan was the capital city of Sukhothai for many generations. Even when Sukhothai fell under the power of Ayutthaya in the early days The noble royal family of the Phra Ruang dynasty would have been honored to rule and take care of Si Satchanalai as before.

Ayutthaya period -Rattanakosin (specially, Chia Chanphong 2003; Suradet Wichitjarukul 1994)

Sukhothai fell under the jurisdiction of Ayutthaya. (Suphannaphum dynasty) after the death of Phra Maha Thammaracha Lithai (about 1913-1914), but taking power over the Sukhothai region is characterized by the creation of kinship ties. infiltrate the royal court involved with by separating the dynasty line that dominates important cities such as Sukhothai and Si Satchanalai; other cities that are not affiliated in such a manner If they refuse to be under the power of the Ayutthaya kings (Suphannaphum dynasty) will bring troops to suppress such as Muang Song Khwae and Chakungrao. In particular, Chakungrao was the city that agreed to join the last of the cities. of Sukhothai, which is a little after 1931.

Si Satchanalai or what Ayutthaya is called. "Muang Sawankhalok" has no evidence against the power of Ayutthaya. May be in the same group as Sukhothai who agreed to join the kingdom, but for good During the first period of Ayutthaya's entry into the rule, Si Satchanalai still had successive rulers.

The reign of King Borom Trai Lokanat It was the time when Sukhothai was successfully merged with Ayutthaya. At this time, Lanna by King Tilokarat had taken over Phrae, Nan, causing the territory of Lanna to come closer to the northern city of Ayutthaya. which at that time had a border city, Si Satchanalai King Tilokarat has taken over the city that used to be the territory of Sukhothai in the past. including the city of Si Satchanalai causing His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej to come up to take the throne at the city of Song Khwae and used as a permanent royal court Build Phitsanulok on the part of the former city of Asong Kwai. Open the battle to regain the city of Si Satchanalai until successful.

Si Satchanalai, or Sawankhalok of Ayutthaya in the early days, was an important city that produced porcelain ceramics for Ayutthaya. Shipped to sell to overseas territories that are widely known, such as the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, etc.

In later times, when the government was organized Improve the royal lineage to be in the official system already. Ayutthaya was appointed the governor to rule the city of Sawankhalok as an outer city. Master city level

At the loss of Ayutthaya to the Burmese in 1767, the cities were abandoned due to the disturbance of enemy bandits. but after the country was calm Sawankhalok City was newly established at Ban Tha Chai. which is below from the original city and later moved to Ban Wang Mai Khon in the Rattanakosin period Currently, it is the location of Sawankhalok District. On the opposite bank of the Yom River and Ban Wang Mai Khon The name of the city of Si Satchanalai was used as another district of Sukhothai. which has a local administrative area where the ancient city of Si Satchanalai is located.

Religion and Culture (Special Chia Chanphong 2003)

Ancient sites and antiquities reflect the beliefs of Si Satchanalai and Sukhothai that are consistent that Before Langkawong Buddhism spread have appeared traces of Mahayana Buddhism and worshiped the gods of the Brahmins This can be seen from the evidence of Wat Chao Chan and Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat Chaliang, etc.

During the Lankawong Buddhism spread to Sukhothai This kind of Buddhism has established and influenced the people of Si Satchanalai before. As evidenced, more than 200 temples were built both inside the city walls and outside the city walls.

There is also evidence that Phra Maha Thammaracha Litai He wrote the book Traiphum Phra Ruang at Si Satchanalai while holding the rank of governor before gaining the throne in Sukhothai.

In terms of tradition, there is clear evidence indicating that in Si Satchanalai there was a ceremony to worship Kun (fire worship) ceremony to pay respect to the Buddha's footprint. Worshiping ceremony for the relics, etc.

As for the arts, it appears that the people of Si Satchanalai have used their knowledge. The ability to dig and cut natural laterite as a material for the construction of religious monuments and other permanent objects. as well as being the main object in creating sculptures In addition, the stucco pattern, which is decorated in various antiquities and ancient sites. ตามศาสนสถานบริเวณเมืองศรีสัชนาลัยมีความสวยงาม ประณีต แสดงความก้าวหน้าทางสิลปกรรมอันรเป็นแบบแผนของคนไทยมาโดยตลอด

เทคโนโลยีและเศรษฐกิจ (พิเศษ เจียจันทร์พงษ์ 2546)

นอกจากการขุดตัดศิลาแลงมาใช้ประโยชน์ในการก่อสร้างแล้ว ชาวเมืองศรีสัชนาลัยในอดีตยังมีพัฒนาการทางการผลิตภาชนะดินเผาคุณภาพสูงมาเป็นเวลานาน ซึ่งเริ่มต้นตั้งแต่สมัยเป็นเมืองเชลียง

ต่อมาได้พัฒนาเป็นแหล่งผลิตเครื่องปั้นดินเผาที่ใหญ่ที่สุดของเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ในสมัยนั้น และเครื่องปั้นดินเผาได้เป็นสินค้าส่งออกที่สำคัญ ไปยังประเทศเพื่อนบ้านและดินแดนโพ้นทะเล

พัฒนาการทางเทคโนโลยีที่สำคัญอีกด้านหนึ่งคือการตีเหล็กและหล่อโลหะ มีการผลิตเป็นอาวุธ เครื่องมือ เครื่องใช้ เหล็กยึดตัวอาคารและสถาปัตยกรรม ฯลฯ

อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์ศรีสัชนาลัย

อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์ศรีสัชนาลัย ได้รับการยกย่องให้เป็นมรดกทางวัฒนธรรมของโลก ร่วมกับอุทยานประวัติศาสตร์สุโขทัย และอุทยานประวัติศาสตร์กำแพงเพชรใน พ.ศ.2534 เนื่องจากหลักฐานที่ปรากฏแสดงให้เห็นถึงผลงานทางสถาปัตยกรรมที่โดดเด่น นับเป็นตัวแทนของศิลปกรรมไทยยุคแรกและเป็นต้นกำเนิดของการสร้างประเทศ สมเด็จพระเทพรัตนราชสุดาฯ สยามบรมราชกุมารี เสด็จพระราชดำเนินเป็นองค์ประธานในพิธีเปิดอุทยานประวัติศาสตร์ศรีสัชนาลัยอย่างเป็นทางการ เมื่อวันที่ 17 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ.2533

โบราณสถานในอุทยานประวัติศาสตร์ศรีสัชนาลัยมีทั้งภายในและภายนอกกำแพงเมือง ซึ่งรวมทั้งหมดมีไม่น้อยกว่า 215 แห่ง โบราณสถานที่สำคัญมีดังนี้
            1. โบราณสถานภายในกำแพงเมือง
            สำรวจพบแล้วมีทั้งสิ้น 28 แห่ง ที่สำคัญคือ วัดช้างล้อม วัดเจดีย์เจ็ดแถว วัดนางพญา วัดสวนแก้วอุทยานใหญ่ วัดสวนแก้ว เป็นต้น
            2. โบราณสถานนอกกำแพงเมืองด้านทิศเหนือ
            สำรวจพบแล้วมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 35 แห่ง ที่สำคัญคือ วัดกุฎีราย เตาทุเรียงบ้านป่ายาง เตา ทุเรียงบ้านเกาะน้อย ซึ่งเป็น แหล่งผลิตภาชนะดินเผา “เครื่องสังคโลก” ที่สำคัญของเมืองศรีสัชนาลัย
            3. โบราณสถานนอกกำแพงเมืองด้านทิศตะวันออก
            สำรวจพบแล้วมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 10 แห่ง ที่สำคัญคือ วัดสวนสัก วัดป่าแก้ว เป็นต้น
            4. โบราณสถานนอกกำแพงเมืองด้านทิศใต้
            สำรวจพบแล้วมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 24 แห่ง ที่สำคัญคือ วัดพระศรีรัตนมหาธาตุ วัดชมชื่น วัดเจ้าจันทร์ และวัดโคกสิงคาราม เป็นต้น
            5. โบราณสถานนอกกำแพงเมืองด้านทิศตะวันตก
            สำรวจพบแล้วมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 19 แห่ง ที่สำคัญ คือ วัดพญาดำ วัดราหู วัดสระประทุม วัดพรหมสี่หน้า วัดยายตา เป็นต้น
            6. โบราณสถานนอกกำแพงเมืองบนภูเขา
            สำรวจพบแล้วมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 15 แห่ง ที่สำคัญคือ วัดเขาใหญ่บน วัดเจดีย์เจ็ดยอด วัดเจดีย์รอบ และวัดเขาใหญ่ล่าง เป็นต้น