Merovingian dynasty when France is classified by period ~ Hundred Years War Is said to be in the Middle Ages. feudal society It was an era when was established. Hundred Years War Since then, the feudal society has declined significantly, and a unified nation with a strong kingship will be gradually created.
[French medieval dynasty]- 481 ～ Merovingian Salian Chief Clovis Unifies the Franks with
- 751-Carolingian dynasty Mayor of the palace Pepin the Short who had become powerful in the Merovingian dynasty Opened by
- 987-Capetian Hugh Capet from the Robertian family, who sometimes took the position of king during the Carolingian dynasty. Born by
After the Capetian dynasty, we moved to the Valois dynasty, but this succession problem and the territorial problem with England overlapped with the Hundred Years War . is.
This time, first Hugh Capet Other than Capetian 3 people who should be especially suppressed
- Philip II
- Louis IX
- Philip IV
Hundred Years War with a focus on Capetian until the night before I will summarize the events that happened in.
Hugh Capet is mentioned in the article below, so please have a look.
Philip II [King of Dignity] (reigned 1180-1223)
Philip II Is my father Louis VII And his mother Adel Born during the period, [King of Dignity] greatly expanded the territory controlled by the King of France. It is a king who has the nickname of "Voice". He said that until then he could only have as much power as the princes Capetian It is known for its great development of the kingship of.
I will omit the details because I will write it in another article "Reign of Philip II", but Henry II in England. → Richard I → John In a long-term battle with the three kings of the world (more often instigated a civil war than in a direct confrontation), he regained the French territory stolen by his father's generation.
* Because it was fighting for territory with England, for details, see the history of medieval England, "What is the background to the deterioration of the relationship between England and France in the Middle Ages?" It is also summarized in "Medieval British History
He also developed a bureaucracy and worked to manage the royal territory.
Regained most of the French territory that had been robbed by England And strengthened the kingship
Background of Philip II's success
The era of Philip I, the fourth King of the Capetian dynasty. Kingdom of France in 1066 Duke of Normandy Became Lolo William I , a descendant of Invades Great Britain and Norman The event of opening has happened.
Taking this opportunity, the king of England , despite being a prince who was a vassal of the Kingdom of France. The twisted structure will continue for a long time. This is the source of the conflict in the first place.
More time goes by, the anarchy in Britain In the era called, the 6th King of France Louis VII ( Philip II Father) made his sister Matilda the first female monarch in England Stephen was in conflict with I was married to my son.
Stephen "She never had a queen," Martina Was in a position of opposition and opposition to becoming a queen. However, at this point, the Anjou family was also given candy, and it seems that they hadn't even put their shoulders on either side.
However, after that, the son of the Anjou family who was hostile Henri (Hereafter, Henry II The situation changes at once when the ← English reading) has a vast territory.
Duke of Aquitaine Daughter who inherited the territory of Alienor King of France Louis VII who should have married a vast territory Divorced her and his ex-wife was Henry II It was a predicament that I fell into because I remarried.
Alienor just before divorce She had rumors of infidelity and had no boys. Louis VII Even if a boy was born, he was suspicious of his birth, so he decided that it would be difficult to continue the marriage and divorced.
Louis VII Will put his shoulders on Stephen's side, but due to unhappiness such as Ustash's death, Stephen's camp collapsed.
After all, Henry II Became King of England and Duke of Normandy (and the Count of Anjou in northwestern France) and gained a large territory called the Angevin Empire Plantagenet Is born.
The western half of France (← pink part) is in a very troublesome situation where his vassals are in possession Louis VII Will create. Philip II was born in this difficult situation. That's how it was.
Louis IX [Holy King] (reigned 1226-1270)
Philip II The king who is the grandson of. Louis IX at the age of 12 the princes who continued to be suppressed under strong kingship in his grandfather and father's generation Was in a pinch due to rebellion and conspiracy, but his mother Blanche Became regent and suppressed.
This is the point I want to keep under his reign.
- Albigensian Crusade End (1209-1229) → Extension of kingship to Southern France
- Setting the border with England
- 6th and 7th Crusader Expedition
Basically Louis IX Under his reign, he emphasized domestic politics, maintained peace for a long time, and pushed it to the center of Western European international politics. Also, later Holy King He is a devout Christian who has been called, and is famous as the king who made two Crusader expeditions while being opposed by his vassals and relatives.
What is the Albigensian Crusade?
Louis IX Reigned in the late Middle Ages, and in Europe criticism of the fall of the Roman Church Was getting stronger. It may be natural that he has been struggling for investiture with each country.
- Waldensians
- Cathar
- Albigensian
These Christian heretics were born. Albigensian of this cathar Is the Toulouse Albi region in southern France It has come to be supported by local gentry.
So his grandfather Philip II Pope Innocent III Albigensian Crusade aims to eradicate heresy Was advocated.
The French royal family, who wanted to extend the kingship to the Toulouse Albi region located in the southeast, went along with it. Invading Southern France on behalf of his grandfather and father, Louis IX In 1229, under his reign (although his mother had a great influence), he ended the marriage between his younger brother and the daughter of Count of Toulouse, and extended his kingship to southern France. ..
How did you set the border with England?
Louis IX In his time, he was enthroned only when he was a child, and many lords rebelled. Taking advantage of the rebellion, King of England Henry III Is his father John Many battles were set up to regain the territory captured in his generation.
Eventually Louis IX in this battle Is winning. However, I don't want to prolong the battle too much Louis IX I forgive it with a relatively generous procedure.
The 1259 Treaty of Paris was signed on the condition that "Please officially abandon the territories lost by the late father John, such as Normandy and Anjou. The only French territory is Gascony."
By the way, the treaty at the end of the Albigensian Crusade is also the Treaty of Paris (1229).
Two Crusaders expedition
Later Louis IX Because he was a devout Christian who was called the "Holy King," these two Crusader expeditions were launched with the aim of regaining the sanctuary of Jerusalem.
At that time, England and the Holy Roman Empire had no intention of conducting a Crusaders'expedition due to internal circumstances or confrontation with the Pope, and public opinion did not have to force a Crusaders' expedition to that extent because the society was becoming more prosperous. I was thinking.
Louis IX I had stopped the Crusades expedition around me, but I didn't hear about it because I was told that I became stubborn as I got older. Louis IX on the second expedition. strong> It is supposed to kill his own life.
With his two expeditions, the Crusaders were completely down.
Philip IV [Reiou Hajime] (reigned 1285-1314)
Philip IV nicknamed "King of France" because of his very well-organized features. The part that is kept under the reign of the Roman Church is the change in the relationship of the Roman Church. He is the king who sought to strengthen the kingship while the power of the church, which was a major political force in medieval Europe, was declining.
He set up a secular lawyer in the position of the priest and worked to strengthen the bureaucracy.
Philip IV By the time he became king
- Commerce develops under the influence of the Crusades expedition
- The power of knights and lords is reduced
- The authority of the church of the Crusaders is declining,
Commercial area Flanders that has developed under such circumstances King of England Edward I Conflict with. Due to the long war that took place from 1294 to 1299, the cost of the war was
.- Taxation of priests
- Money recast
- Dissolution of the Knights Templar (← Aimed at debt, debt cancellation and asset confiscation from the Knights to raise war expenses)
and so on.
As a result, the church side was very repulsive. Outrage of Anagni Will be triggered.
What is the Anagni incident?
Pope Boniface VIII was very opposed to the taxation of churches and clergy. is.
So Philip IV No matter how much the Pope's authority has begun to decline, it is not a good idea to confront them directly.
- Cleric
- Aristocrat
- Third Estate (commoner)
Estates General to have these different representatives approve the tax collection (← Representative of the Estates Council) is open. So, actually Philip IV Has installed domestic support in advance.
Still Pope Is not convincing. .. .. Philip IV Excommunication and resistance, but unlike before, excommunication did not hurt so much.
As the conflict between them intensified, the King of France finally Anagni near Rome. Boniface VIII staying at → When she was under house arrest, she died of indignation about a month later (actually, she died from a chronic disease).
This is the Anagni incident is.
What is the Western Schism? ??
Outrage of Anagni It became clear that the authority of the Roman Church was declining, and the Pope was vacant for a while. After this vacancy was the French Pope. Philip IV when this French Pope arrived Is the Holy See in a French city Avignon Moved to.
Babylonian captivity where Jews were captured by the Neo-Babylonians because they forced the Pope under control By analogy, " Pope's Captivity of Babylon It is called.
However, there were many voices pushing the Italian Pope inside the church, and some remained in Rome, so Rome And Avignon " Western Schism " where two popes and a cardinal group assisting the pope stand side by side. (Large schism) ”.
In addition, this church schism Is Philip IV More than 50 years after his death, Anagni And the Papal Office Avignon It was a big turning point to be moved to.
Thus, in France, the early modern absolute monarchy We have reached a turning point toward.
- To hold down the Pope Estates General To open
- Pope Boniface VIII Conflict with → Anagni Incident
- The Holy See Avignon in Southern France Move to → Western Schism → The authority of the Pope / Church is lost
What is the situation of the Capetian dynasty before the Hundred Years War?
Last introduced Philip IV .. A short-lived government of two to six years will continue for his son.
I don't know why he became a short-lived government with three adult boys, but Philip IV The Knights Templar's curse was dismissed after being arrested and tortured after being falsely accused of "worshiping the devil". It seems that something was being whispered.
In addition, his son Louis X, Philip V, Charles IV A woman's succession to the throne will be completely denied in the scandal of the wives' affair scandal (Tour de Nesle affair).
The Salic Law was originally written in the Frankish Code, saying, "Women have land inheritance rights, but after marriage, inheritance rights go to her spouse and son." However, there was some ambiguity about the right to succeed to the throne. It was completely cut off through the scandal.
In this way, England of "close to direct but female" And France of "I'm a little away from the sidelines but a man" The composition was completed.
There are other territorial issues involved, but this is the Hundred Years War . I will summarize it when dealing with.