I think that the transition of the Orient world can be understood more reliably by actually looking at it on a map than by reading it in letters, so I would like to organize the transition of the Orient world that I have learned so far. Since this is a self-made map, please understand that there are slight differences in location and size. If you know the approximate location, it's a transitional map.
Orient world from around 3000 BC
Ur Uruk Lagash around the Persian Gulf in Mesopotamia since about 3500 BC Sumerian nation Is born. It is said that around this time, the Hebrews who came out later lived around Ur.
After a little more time, looking west, Old Kingdom on the Nile coast. Is born.
The lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where the Sumerian city-states are concentrated, are called Babylonia.
Orient world from around 2500 BC
Around the 24th century BC, the Sumerian state was absorbed and Akkadians Dominates the entire Mesopotamia area. Did the Akkadians coexist with the Sumerians? It seems that it has been said recently.
By the way, there is a country called Elam in the southeastern part adjacent to Akkad, and Hurrians lived in the northern part of Akkad. The Hurrians have been on record since the 25th century BC.
There were some nations that did not appear in textbooks.
Orient world from around 2000 BC
Akkad was destroyed around 2145 BC and city-states were rife in Mesopotamia On the other hand, in the Old Kingdom of Egypt, after internal turmoil, around 2160 BC Middle Kingdom Will occur.
Around 2113 BC, the Sumerian city-state ur Has regained power and has grown large enough to receive tribute from neighboring countries in addition to the directly controlled areas of southern Mesopotamia.
In addition, the Crete civilization that leads to European civilizations on the island of Crete on the Mediterranean coast. It was around this time that
Orient world from around 1800 BC
Assyrian Kingdom before 2000 BC Was born, and in 1894 BC First Babylonian Dynasty Is also born.
Kassites in the Zagros Mountains in the northern Persian Gulf at a similar time Advances into Babylonia (downstream of the Tigris-Euphrates) and begins to grow in a manner that overlaps with the First Babylonian Dynasty.
By the time the Kassites advanced to the middle Euphrates, Hittites Also grows larger and collides with the First Babylonian Dynasty. Thus, the pressure of the Kassites and the conflict with the Hittites ended the First Babylonian Dynasty in its history around 1595 BC.
After the First Babylonian Dynasty, the Hittites occupied the northern part of the First Babylonian Dynasty and the Kassites occupied the southern part.
Egypt Middle Kingdom Hmm ... Hyksos from the war-torn area of Syria and Palestine. Invaded and reduced the territory. It wasn't that they fought and lost their territory, but apparently it was in the form of an internal aggression.
Orient world from around 1500 BC
Assyrian Kingdom The First Babylonian Dynasty has fallen, Mitanni Kingdom ・ Kassite We will continue to secure territory even after each territory is taken.
Hittite collided with the First Babylonian Dynasty Also expands its territory further and collides with the Kingdom of Mitanni made by the Hurrians.
After the fall of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt New Kingdom Is born. It is different from the past and has advanced to Syria and Palestine. Perhaps it was because the Hyksos invasion caused military technology to flow into Egypt.
New Kingdom, Mitanni, Hittites around the base of the Anatolian Peninsula You can see that it is in a three-way state.
The Kingdom of Mitanni will form an alliance with the New Kingdom of Egypt, but half of it will be a Hittite territory and the other half will be a tribute country.
At this time, the Assyrian Kingdom was under the control of the Kingdom of Mitanni. Is independent. The power relationship between Assyria and Mitanni is reversed.
Furthermore, in Europe, under the influence of the Orient world and Crete, Mycenaean civilization Has started around Greece.
Orient world from around 1200 BC
In the 14th century BC (1400 BC-1301 BC), Mitanni was destroyed and the Assyrian Kingdom Babylon Third Dynasty , also known as the Kassite dynasty Begins to grow in power.
Also, as in 1500 BC, there were a large number of powerful nations from Egypt to Mesopotamia, and city-states were formed on the European side of the Mediterranean Sea, so Phoenicians along the Mediterranean coast. strong> However, on the inland side, Arameans are centered around the city called Damascus. Begins to play an active part in trade.
Hebrews In response to the turbulent situation of the country, he escaped from the oppression of the New Kingdom of Egypt and moved to the Palestinian region via the Sinai Peninsula and settled. The groundwork for spreading the belief in Judaism in times of hardship is steadily progressing.
And right after this.
It is said that there was a disaster called "Catastrophe of 1200 BC" in many Orient areas.
It is said that the cause of the disaster is climate change and intense seismic activity in some areas, and those who became famine for some reason repeatedly relocated to abundant land as sea people.
The result is "Catastrophe 1200 BC".
- Hittite collapse
- Sea people invade Egypt
- The collapse of the Greek Mycenaean civilization
It is a rush into the turbulent era of the Orient. Anyway, the Orient world was in turmoil.
Orient world from around 1000 BC
Phrygia Kingdom on the Anatolian Peninsula after the Hittite collapse Was born, Assyrian Kingdom Is expanding its territory. Babylon's Third Dynasty by the Kassites and Elam When it was destroyed by the Second Dynasty of Egypt in Babylonia.
In the latter half of the Second Dynasty of Egypt, the Assyrian kingdom gained momentum and pressure, and eventually perished. Even after the Second Dynasty of Egypt, the Babylonian dynasty has risen several times, but it is unbearable and short-lived.
Egypt is also a sea people In addition to the offense and defense, the invasion of immigrants and refugees has greatly reduced the territory of control, and Syria and Palestine, which had previously expanded the territory of control, have a kingdom of Hebrews.
That Hebrew Kingdom Also Kingdom of Israel in the north in 922 Kingdom of Judah in the south It was decided to divide it into.
Orient world around the 7th century BC
Assyria the Orient world where many countries have been created so far Is conquered. Elam on the Persian Gulf coast has also been significantly weakened.
The Kingdom of Phrygia in Anatolia has been destroyed by nomadic horsemen from the northeast, and there are several city-states (Syrian-Hittite era). In addition, the Kingdom of Judah and others survived under the Assyrian affiliation.
Assyria, which prospered so much, was also governed by a strong tyranny, which led to the rebellion of the subordinates due to heavy taxes and oppression, and collapsed in 612 BC.
Orient world around 600 BC
After Assyria's collapse in 612 BC, Lydia Media, Neo-Babylonian Egypt prospered. The four countries of.
The media and Neo-Babylonians cooperated to destroy Assyria, and Egypt was on the Assyrian side. Egypt was defeated in the Battle of Carchemish at this time. Egypt will take control of the Kingdom of Judah in the course of this battle, but the area north of Palestine will be under the control of the Neo-Babylonians. Later, the Neo-Babylonians are destroying the Kingdom of Judah.
Lydia, Anatolia, is located west of Phrygia (see map around 1000 BC), and the trade between Greece and Phrygia and the production of gold in the territory were the driving forces behind the expansion of the territory.
Orient world around 500 BC
It was in 552 BC that a rebellion broke out in Persia, a part of the media country of the four countries on the map around 600 BC.
After the rebellion, Cyrus II founded Persia. Achaemenid Persian from the name of the royal progenitor It prospered as a territory and expanded its territory to the area of Egypt.
Just around this time, in Greece Athens And Sparta (Sparta is a military power and vigilant, and in the latter half of the 6th century it formed the Peloponnesian League, an alliance with Persia).
Persian War
The war between the Greek Allied Forces (mainly Athens) and the Achaemenid Persians, who had a sense of crisis in Persia, between 500 BC and 449 BC.
In the end, the Greek side won the Persian War and succeeded in eliminating the influence of the Achaemenid Empire in the Ionian region. The naval power of Athens has improved dramatically in the wake of the war. He became the leader of the Delian League in preparation for the re-invasion, but other police, including Sparta, did not benefit much. A decisive crack was created between Sparta and Athens.
For the time being, I have posted the transition map of the articles that I have updated so far. We will continue to update this article as new articles are published.