As a result of the Puritan Revolution, the royal government was restored, and Britain was revived with the Stewart family as the royal family.
Charles II, who took the throne, was called the "Laziness King" but didn't talk much about what Congress did, and he did well with Congress.
Charles II died in 1685.
History has begun to move again.
Inauguration of King
James II was born in 1633 to Charles I and Henrietta Maria, sister of King Louis XIII of France.
The Puritan Revolution took place at an early age, and James II managed to escape to the Netherlands in a transvestite, and his father Charles I, who remained in the country, was executed by Cromwell.
It's just a guess, but James II would have only had a grudge against Congress. The royal family, including James II, went into exile in France, the queen's parents' home, where the family converted to Catholicism, which later became a major disaster and attacked the Stewart family.
Eventually Cromwell died and his brother Charles became King of England as Charles II.
Restoration.
Charles II managed to get along with Congress, hiding that he was a Catholic, but he confronted Congress on the religious affairs of his younger brother, James II.
Since Henry VIII, England has left the Pope's rule and established its own Anglican Church, headed by the King of England.
Charles II has no children, and the next king will be his younger brother James. If that happens, Catholics will be appointed to the top of the Anglican Church. This goes beyond the problem of individual beliefs and becomes a problem of national identity.
British Parliament recognizes James' succession to the throne Tories Whigs Divided into.
And while the lawmakers continued to argue loudly, Charles II died and James II was born.
This will make a big difference in history.
Catholics will become King of England
Prior to becoming King, James became a member of Scotland at the recommendation of Charles II and deepened his interaction with the Scottish people.
It can be said that the Stewart family was originally a Scottish royal family, and the foundation was not England but Scotland, and it can be said that the background of the conflict between Scotland and England for generations is also around here.
However, after assimilation with England, Scotland became the majority of Anglican Protestants in the country, and it can be said that the opposition to the Catholic King was strong.
Mosman's Rebellion and James II's Great Purge
His brother, Charles II, had no children with his wife, but had many children with his mistress. One of them, Marquis Mosman, claimed the right to succeed to the throne and rebelled.
James II organized a royal army and easily suppressed it.
And James II did not disband the royal army even after suppressing the rebellion, and made it a standing army as it was.
It is the bureaucracy and the standing army that support the absolute monarchy. Parliament has become more vigilant about the king's move.
The bad premonition of Congress is right.
Britain's history seems to be a fortress of democracy, but in reality it has a history of being managed by force, as it was at Cromwell.
James II also purged with force, more than half of the lord-lieutenants, about 3/4 of the justice of the peace, and more than 1,200 members were dismissed, and instead James II's breathtaking Catholics took up these positions. I got to.
In addition, James II had a child.
The queen is the princess of the Duchy of Modena in central Italy, a Catholic country. Her born child will surely be a Catholic.
Until now, the succession to the throne after the death of James II was Mary, his sister who married William, Duke of Orange-Nassau, but it collapsed here.
I have no choice but to do it. Everyone in England thought.
Glorious Revolution
Parliament colludes with his sister Mary and William the Duke of Orange to form a parliamentary army.
Willem landed in England in November 1688. Seeing that, James II ran away.
Willem, Duke of Orange, named himself William III and declared that he would co-govern with his wife Mary.
The prestigious Glorious Revolution ended in this way.
Battle of James II and William III
The Glorious Revolution is taught at school as a bloodless revolution, which is exactly what it is.
"Blood did not flow in England"
James II went into exile in Ireland, which is dominated by Catholics, and William III landed in Ireland, where the two armies clashed (Williamite War).
The two armies clashed at the Battle of the Boyne, and William III won by an overwhelming difference. This put Ireland under the control of the Anglican Church, which is one of the causes of the ongoing scourge.
As soon as James II saw that the war situation had become unfavorable, he quickly fled and went into exile in France.
His cousin, Louis XIV, prepared a chair for King of Poland for James II, but James refused. He was finally abandoned by the King of France and died in 1701. He was 67 years old.
Personal evaluation of James II
James II was certainly incompetent, but it seems that his coat color is quite different from that of the Emperor Huizong, which appears in Chinese history, for example.
There was a fierce religious conflict behind James II's mismanagement.
In the situation so far, I am afraid in a sense because I kept my faith as a Catholic even if I sacrificed everything.
The history of England is also the history of the battle for leadership between the King and Parliament, and I don't think James II was particularly misguided.
After all, James II was a historic bad monarch, and being portrayed as an enemy of the British people seems to be largely due to his weakness in combat.
He runs away as soon as it comes to war, and he has no courage in spite of his high pressure. He was like a section chief in a company around the world, not a king's vessel.
However, it may be said that it was fortunate or unfortunate for the British people that such a person became king, or rather fortunate to see the development of the British Empire after that.
This area may be said to be the strength of constitutional monarchy.
If you adopt absolute tyranny like China and ancient Rome, the country will tilt at the moment when a dark tyrant or a tyrant appears. Constitutional monarchy is stable for the time being, no matter what kind of person the king is.
The British regime has continued to this day since then, and despite the twists and turns, it still retains its position as a world-class nation.
Given that, the achievements of James II may be great.