The Johannine period corresponds to a phase in the history of Brazil that took place between 1808 and 1821. It is named after King João VI who transferred his government to Brazil.
It is worth noting that this was the first time in history that a European king transferred his kingdom to a country on the American continent.
Discover the life of Dom João VI.
Abstract
In January 1808 and with the support of England, the Portuguese royal family arrived in Brazil. About 15 thousand people came with them, which totaled about 2% of the Portuguese population at the time. They settled in the capital of Rio de Janeiro and stayed there for 12 years.
Threatened by the invasion of the French Napoleon Bonaparte, the royal family left Portugal to ensure that the country remained independent.
That's because Napoleon decreed the Continental Blockade in 1806, determining the closure of ports to English ships.
Portugal, which supported England and had a strong commercial relationship with that country, did not submit to the blockade. This led to Napoleon's invasion of Lusitanian lands.
Thus, in October 1807, D. João and the King of England, Jorge III, signed a decree that transferred the monarchical seat from Portugal to Brazil.
In addition, Portugal promised to sign a trade treaty with England when it arrived in Brazil.
It was in this way that in 1808 the Colonial Pact, a commercial agreement between the colony and the metropolis, came to an end. In that year, Dom João instituted the “Regional Charter”, which allowed the opening of ports to other friendly nations, including England.
Given this, the country's economy leveraged, however, prevented the development of manufactures in Brazil. This is because most of the products were imported from England.
English products had a lower customs duty compared to other countries. They paid 15%, while the other nations paid around 24%.
In addition to the economy, the country, and especially the capital, which until then was Rio de Janeiro, underwent several changes.
Many public works were built in this period, for example, the mint, the bank of Brazil, the botanical garden, among others.
Education in the Johannine Period
In education and culture, this period marked several advances in these areas. This is because many investments were made, which we can confirm with the construction of the Royal Library, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, the Royal Press, in addition to the medical schools.
Johannine period and the Independence of Brazil
This period in Brazil's history directly influenced the country's independence process.
This is because in 1815 the administration of the Johannine government extinguished the colony status of Brazil. This is how the country received the title of “United Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves”, becoming the administrative headquarters of Portugal.
This fact left the Portuguese who were in Portugal very unhappy. With this, they demanded the return of Dom João IV, who finally returns to Portugal for the Liberal Revolution of Porto, in April 1821. This event marked the end of the Johannine period .
In his place remains his son, Dom Pedro I. The prince regent ruled the country from 1822 to 1831, establishing in 1824 the country's first constitution.
When Portugal demanded his return, he refused to return to the metropolis. Thus, on September 7, 1822, he declares the Independence of Brazil.
Read more:
- The Coming of the Royal Family to Brazil
- Causes of Brazil's Independence
- Congress of Vienna
Exercise Vestibular with Answers
1 . (FGV) The installation of the Portuguese Court in Rio de Janeiro, in 1808, represented an alternative to a context of political crisis in the Metropolis and the possibility of implementing the bases for the formation of a Luso-Brazilian empire in America. From the alternatives below, mark the one that does NOT refer to the Johannine period.
a) occupation of French Guiana and the Cisplatina Province and its incorporation into the Portuguese Empire, as a result of the aggressive foreign policy adopted by D. João.
b) opening of the ports of the Colony to allied nations of Portugal, such as England, initiating a phase of free trade.
c) there was an inversion of the relationship between metropolis and colony, as the political headquarters of the empire moved from the center to the periphery.
d) met the requirements of British trade, which obtained customs exemptions.
e) the Pernambuco Revolution of 1817 took place, which defended separatism with the republican government and the maintenance of slavery.
Alternative d:Fulfilled the requirements of British trade, which obtained customs exemptions.
2 . (Mackenzie-SP) Characteristics of the Johannine government in Brazil can be considered:
a) the signing of treaties that benefit England and the growth of Brazilian foreign trade due to the extinction of the monopoly;
b) the development of Brazilian industry thanks to high taxes on imported products;
c) the reduction of taxes and the control of the deficit in function of the austere economic policy practiced by the government;
d) non-involvement in external issues, especially those of an expansionist nature;
e) Portugal's total economic independence from England due to its accelerated development.
Alternative to:the signing of treaties that benefit England and the growth of Brazilian foreign trade due to the extinction of the monopoly;
3 . (UNIFOR-CE) The arrival of the Court to Brazil marks the first definitive rupture of the Old Colonial System. (Fernando A Novais.Portugal and Brazil in the crisis of the Old Colonial System . São Paulo:Hucitec, 1981. p. 298).
The rupture referred to by the author was closely related, among other factors, to the decision of the Portuguese Crown to:
a) grant freedom for the establishment of factories in Brazilian cities.
b) stop the slave trade between the colony and England.
c) prohibit trade in manufactures between the colony and the English bourgeoisie.
d) break trade ties with England at the demand of the French.
e) open Brazilian ports to free trade with “friendly nations”.
Alternative e:open Brazilian ports to free trade with “friendly nations”