Minamoto no Yoritomo, who is almost always taught in Japanese history as the person who opened the Kamakura Shogunate, has the image of a wonderful person as a pioneer of the samurai government.
However, his father was Taira no Kiyomori for his half-life. For about 20 years, he was forced to live a humble life in Izu, and even though he raised Mr. Taira, he was defeated by his nose and was not only a brilliant career.
This time, the first 13 Kamakura-dono, Kamakura-dono [ Minamoto no Yoritomo ] I will write about.
Birth of Minamoto no Yoritomo
Minamoto no Yoritomo Is 1147 To Minamoto no Yoshitomo I was born as the third son of.
His mother is Yura Gozen, the daughter of the Fujiwara no Suenori family. Although it is the Minami family, it seems that it was a very big political relationship because of the connection with the Fujiwara family. It seems that Rinori Fujiwara, who was the priest of Atsuta, was a samurai on the north side and often served the mother and sister of Emperor Emeritus Go-Shirakawa.
Minamoto no Yoshitomo had his eldest son, Yoshihira.
His father, Yoshitomo, was originally from the Kanto region, but it seems that he was trying to get closer to Chiten no Kimi, such as Emperor Toba, through his marriage, leaving Kanto to Yoshihira.
Yoritomo was born as the son of a mother who draws the blood of Mr. Fujiwara. ] Has come to be called.
It was 1156 that the flow of Genji improved. Around that time, when his father, Yoshitomo, sided with Emperor Go-Shirakawa due to the Hogen rebellion and won, Yoritomo began to serve Kaminishimonin two years later. As a result, both parents and children became vassals of the imperial court.
1159 In, he became a brewer of Emperor Nijo and became involved in the interior of the imperial court.
Minamoto no Yoritomo who was a handsome guy
This is a little off topic, but in fact it is believed that the portrait of Minamoto no Yoritomo at Jingo-ji Temple in Kyoto is a different person in recent years. Then, what kind of face it was, Heiji story and people of the same age wrote various things about Yoritomo.
Putting them all together ...
- Looks more mature than age
- Face is big but beautiful
It seems that they have in common.
In addition, the height is estimated from the armor to be about 165 cm, which is larger than the average at the end of the Heian period.
Genji's sergeant who draws the blood of the imperial family and is beautiful and tall. It seems that it was very popular in the palace. Perhaps because of this, Yoritomo is often helped by women and has been in a difficult situation for the rest of his life.
Minamoto no Yoritomo's first team and Izu are imprisoned
1159 Heiji Rebellion When this happens, Yoritomo will be dispatched as the Emperor's Guard.
However, Taira no Kiyomori became a government army and attacked inside, and Minamoto no Yoshitomo, who became a thief army, was defeated and headed for the eastern country.
Minamoto no Yoritomo, who had escaped to Kyoto, was caught in the land of Omi and sent to Rokuhara in Kyoto. Of course, his death is taken for granted, but Kiyomori's mother-in-law, Ike no Zenni, sided with Yoritomo.
This Ike no Zenni is a very visionary person, and when Taira no Kiyomori was at the time of the Hogen rebellion, he was wondering whether to join Emperor Sutoku or Go-Shirakawa. Can't win ], And later advised to take up Emperor Shirakawa.
Despite the fact that Ike no Zenni was the nanny of Emperor Sutoku's prince, Shigehito-shin, she calmly kept the situation.
In addition, Kiyomori's half-brother, Taira no Kiyomori, said [ Be sure to obey his brother . ], Preventing the division of the Heike and putting her clan together behind the scenes. Ike no Zenni was a person who couldn't get up in the Taira clan after Kiyomori.
In addition to serving Emperor Nijo, Yoritomo was very closely related to the imperial family because her mother was from the house of Atsuta Ojingu, which enshrines the main body of the three sacred treasures, Kusanagi's sword. In this way, it is said that Yoritomo's petition for life was received from Kaminishimonin, coupled with a number of ties with the imperial family, including her own blood.
Here, Taira no Kiyomori himself will turn his half-brother into an enemy if he opposes his mother-in-law, and will turn the imperial family into an enemy if he rejects the petition of the women's house. I decided to be tolerant of drinking.
In this way, Kiyomori canceled the execution of Minamoto no Yoritomo and exiled him to Izu.
As a result, it was a correct decision for the central political world, but historically, [ East countries including Izu are basically dominated by Genji . ] I have to say that it was an exile to Izu who disregarded that.
Minamoto no Yoritomo's humble life in Izu
Despite being exiled, Yoritomo in Izu is believed to have lived a fairly free life.
It seems that he has been to the Boso Peninsula, and it is said that the samurai who was attached to Genji due to the Heiji rebellion escaped to Izu and served Yoritomo. I also exchanged letters with hunters and acquaintances in Kyoto.
Although there was monitoring, the person in charge Hirochika Ito and Tokimasa Hojo Was on the side of Yoritomo, so it was as if there was no surveillance.
If anything, it may be more appropriate to call it a relegation rather than an exile.
In addition, it can be said that the secret to his success later is that Yoritomo himself had been quiet in the Kanto region for about 20 years. It is a pity that 33-year-old Yoritomo endured another 20 years during the Heian period, which had a much shorter lifespan than today.
It seems that there is almost no historical material left for the humble life in Izu, and the details are not well known. What is clear is that he married Masako, the eldest daughter of Tokimasa Hojo, the gokenin of Izu.
Relationship between Taira no Kiyomori and Go-Shirakawa
After the Heiji rebellion, Taira no Kiyomori quickly entered the imperial family by taking advantage of his wife's connections, gained a vast mansion, and earned the enormous wealth gained from the Japan-Song trade.
Of course, he is a samurai, so he also has armed forces. As a result, everything in the capital of Kyoto was as Heike wanted.
Kiyomori had an outstanding feeling in the Hogen and Heiji rebellions, but when his power, wealth, and self-confidence were all in place, Kiyomori did not have the same sense of balance as before.
When that happens, the rebel factor smolders and secretly seeks to overthrow the Heike.
First, 1177 Shishigatani Incident is.
When I was consulting with Pope Shirakawa to overthrow the Heike, information leaked to Kiyomori and this plot was crushed in advance. It is said that Kiyomori made it up, but all the people involved have to be punished.
After this incident, Pope Go-Shirakawa tried to reduce Kiyomori's influence with a brute force method.
Taking advantage of Kiyomori's son and daughter's death at a young age, they confiscated their mansions and territories without consulting Kiyomori.
Naturally, Kiyomori was furious at this method, and he imprisoned Pope Shirakawa and was unable to exercise his power.
This is [ Political change in the third year of the reign 】is.
This time, the Pope's side is unilaterally bad, but Kiyomori, who is buying a grudge on a daily basis, imprisoned Chiten no Kimi, further increasing the momentum for subduing the Heike.
In 1180, Prince Mochihito, the prince of Go-Shirakawa, raised troops against the Heike.
However, he was immediately suppressed because he raised a soldier in the center, but with a time lag, he was sent to the samurai in various places [ Order to overthrow Mr. Taira . ] Was sent. One of them was delivered to Minamoto no Yoritomo, who lives in Izu.
Minamoto no Yoritomo's troops go to Kamakura! !!
After 20 years of living in Izu, Yoritomo, who had earned a great deal of trust from the samurai in the area, put them together and raised soldiers. First of all, we will aim for Kamakura, the land since Minamoto no Yoriyoshi of Kawachi Genji.
However, Battle of Ishibashiyama He lost to the Heike and escaped to Abo. At this time, Yoritomo and his group were killed by Kecheon Kecheon with about 10 people.
It was the local Niemon Hirano who helped Yoritomo and his group escaped.
Niemon hides Yoritomo and others in the cave of the island, and Yoritomo later gives the island to Niemon without forgetting his grace. Because of that, this island is [ Niemon Island ], And it seems that its descendants still live. * The above photo is Niemon Island.
Yoritomo was brilliantly disappointed, but he never gave up.
Hojo Tokimasa and Miura Yoshizumi again We asked Kazusa Hirotsune and Chiba Tsunetane for their cooperation in order to join us and replenish our troops.
They were of a family related to the Taira clan and were a powerful family in Chiba. However, Chiba Tsunetane was on the side of Genji due to the Heiji rebellion, and Kazusa Tsunetane was protecting the child who was a relative of Yoritomo, so he was emotionally better than Genji.
With this cooperation, Yoritomo was able to take in the samurai around Musashi, such as Kasai Kiyoshige, and enter Kamakura. Yoritomo's entry into Kamakura received information on Kiyomori in Kyoto and immediately dispatched a subjugation army to his son, Taira no Koremori.
But October 1180 The Heike army lost the battle in Fujikawa and escaped from their lives. Minamoto no Yoritomo tries to go west to catch up with this information, but Chiba Tsunetane [ First of all, it is better to suppress the Kanto region and eliminate the anxiety of his patronage ] And decided to solidify the ground.
By the beginning of the year, Yoritomo and his colleagues succeeded in suppressing most of the Kanto region by suppressing Mr. Satake of Hitachi and Mr. Nitta of Ueno.
Also, Samurai-dokoro / Inquiry Center At the same time, we tried to control the whole house.
New Year 1181 , Yoritomo collides with Heike again, but Battle of Sunomata River Then it was not easy for Genji to lose.
Therefore, Yoritomo told Go-Shirakawa [ I have no intention of rebelling against the imperial court, and I may reconcile with Mr. Taira . ] It seems that he sent a letter. Yoritomo wrote such a thing when Taira no Kiyomori died of illness one month before the Battle of Sunomata River.
Minamoto no Yoritomo's battle with the Heike was aimed at defeating his father, Kiyomori.
Without that Kiyomori, the meaning of the fight would be diminished. Also, disobeying the Heike could become an enemy in the morning.
However, there are few people who have political skills on the Heike side. ] Probably.
In this way, a peaceful solution between Genji and Taira became impossible.
Minamoto no Yoritomo and Yoshinaka Kiso (Gen)
Genji's warlords scattered all over the country are raising troops one after another and approaching Kyo.
Among them, Yoshinaka Kiso enters Kyoto, but after being troubled by the violent acts of the Yoshinaka army, Pope Shirakawa gave Yoshinaka a decree to pursue Heike and kept him away from the city. rice field.
Go-Shirakawa issued an order to pursue Yoshinaka to Yoritomo, who secretly went up, 1184 . Yoritomo dispatched Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Noriyori to collide in Awazugahara, Omi Province, and Yoshinaka Kiso died in the war.
During the trouble with Yoshinaka Kiso, the Heike falls from today and escapes to Fukuhara.
Mr. Taira prepared his troops to settle with Genji.
When the Heike clan fell into the capital, he took away Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures and fell to the west.
In the imperial court where Emperor Antoku disappeared, it was decided that another emperor would be crowned again after the Heike clan fell into the capital. This emperor was Emperor Go-Toba, and at that time there was an unusual situation in Japan where there were two emperors.
Therefore, Pope Go-Shirakawa ordered Minamoto no Yoritomo to subdue the Heike clan, and at the same time ordered the recapture of the three sacred treasures.
In this battle of Ichinodani, it was a battle that determined the destruction of the Heike by the success of Emperor Go-Toba and Minamoto no Yoshitsune.
Battle of Yashima
Although Minamoto no Yoritomo won the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani, he spent half a year trying to maintain security and restore his troops in Kyoto without pursuing deeply. Then, when the system is in place, Yoritomo will once again make Minamoto noriyo the general general of the Taira clan's revenge and head west.
However, it was Go-Shirakawa who was dying here.
The Pope was trying to form a close relationship by giving a position to Yoshitsune, who remains in Heiankyo, in order to soften Minamoto no Yoshitsune in preparation for a possible political dispute with Minamoto no Yoritomo. Yoshitsune, whose political power was not good enough, is said to have been delighted to be given a position obediently.
However, Minamoto no Yoritomo, who was planning to establish a new government by the samurai after the Genpei War, was furious. Moreover, the younger brother at the top of the administration should not be punished by Pope Shirakawa after he opposes the samurai government.
However, at this time, he had to do something about Heike first, so Yoshitsune's disposition was put on hold, and Yoshitsune challenged the battle of Yashima as a reinforcement of Noriyori who was struggling and won the victory.
Finally, the battle of Dannoura, where the Heike clan was destroyed, proceeded.
The final battle with the Heike was Dannoura.
Those around him who learned of the defeat of the Heike in the Battle of Yashima gradually appeared to be on the side of the Genji army, and the troops of the Genji army led by Yoshitsune became a large household.
This battle is a full-scale naval battle, and both Yoshitsune and Heike are dispatching the Navy. On the other hand, Minamoto no Noriyori of Kyushu had soldiers on the coastline to get behind the Heike.
If it loses to this, it will be destroyed and desperate, but at the beginning of the battle, the Heike who was familiar with the sea proceeded with the battle in an advantageous way. Even in this battle, Minamoto no Yoshitsune was able to win.
Minamoto no Yoritomo and Kamakura Shogunate established
Minamoto no Yoritomo, who destroyed the Heike, will work on the internal purge.
First and foremost is the issue of Minamoto no Yoshitsune.
Receiving the official position without the above-mentioned permission fundamentally shakes the existence of Yoritomo, who has not yet been given the official position, and was not allowed.
In addition, at the Battle of Dannoura, the loss of Kusanagi's sword by driving Emperor Antoku and the second-ranked nun into self-harm was an event that forced Yoritomo's postwar concept to change. And it is only a threat to Yoritomo who aims to establish a samurai government to raise the fame of Yoshitsune, raise the credibility of Go-Shirakawa, and attract the people of the samurai.
If left as it is, there is a risk of division of the Togoku samurai.
There, Yoritomo decided to subdue Yoshitsune, and it seemed that his brothers were fighting, but Yoshitsune, who cried and cried because no soldiers gathered under Yoshitsune, left Kyoto.
After eliminating Minamoto no Yoshitsune, he also imposed sanctions on Pope Shirakawa after trying to incorporate Yoshitsune.
First of all, Hojo Tokimasa When the Pope was planning a dictatorship, he led a large army to Kyoto. After the horror of the samurai after the Hogen rebellion, Pope Shirakawa surrendered with Assari and issued an inzen to subdue Yoshitsune.
However, Yoritomo, who could not fit in this, made some requests to the Pope.
- Eliminate the aides of the hospital close to Minamoto no Yoshitsune
- Create a collegial system by a lord close to Minamoto no Yoritomo
- To preview Kanezane Kujo
- Protection / Jito installation permission
Now 1185 Kamakura Shogunate Is believed to be.
Subjugation of Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Subjugation of Oshu
Minamoto no Yoshitsune, who was chased by Kyo, was living with Mr. Fujiwara Oshu.
Minamoto no Yoritomo is Mr. Fujiwara Oshu, Yasuhira Fujiwara I pressured him to offer Yoshitsune.
Although opinions were divided within Mr. Fujiwara Oshu, Yasuhira Fujiwara decided to abandon Yoshitsune in the end, succumbing to Yoritomo's pressure. And 1189 At the Battle of Koromo, Minamoto no Yoshitsune was surrounded by Fujiwara no Yasuhira's soldiers and ended his 31-year-old life.
Fujiwara no Yasuhira sought peace with Kamakura by defeating Minamoto no Yoshitsune and presenting his head to Yoritomo in order to protect his family. However, Yoritomo, who thought that Mr. Fujiwara Oshu, who had laid his own government behind the Kanto region for many years, was a threat, sent troops for a long time to hide Yoshitsune and put an end to his prosperity for about 100 years.
In this way, the area controlled by Minamoto no Yoritomo expanded to Oshu.
Inauguration of Shogun Minamoto no Yoritomo
Yoritomo, who destroyed Mr. Fujiwara Oshu, went up in response to the request of Pope Go-Shirakawa, and Gondainagon, General Ukonoe I got the title of. However, Yoritomo, who wants to receive the Shogun General, quits his job early.
Around this time, Yoritomo was focusing on strengthening relations with Emperor Go-Toba, the grandson of Pope Go-Shirakawa, and was trying to make a transition to his eldest daughter, Ohime. And 1192 When Emperor Go-Shirakawa passed away, Emperor Go-Toba sent Minamoto no Yoritomo Shogun . Was given.
The end of Minamoto no Noriori
Like Minamoto no Yoshitsune, Minamoto no Noriyori played an active part in the Genpei War, but he will reach a sad end.
Yoritomo became a shogun, but after that, things went calmly without any rebellion from other gokenins. However, an unexpected incident occurs here.
One of the gokenins, Yusuke Kudo, was killed by the Soga brothers' murder, and for some reason it was reported to Kamakura by the false alarm that he was slaughtered by Yoritomo. Noriyori said to his wife, Masako Hojo, who lamented this [ I'm waiting, so it's okay It was judged that there was a suspicion of rebellion because the word "] was received in a bad sense.
And Masako tells the same thing to Yoritomo who returned from Kyoto. In addition, Yoritomo received it in the same bad sense as Masako, and was suspected of rebellion by Noriyori.
Until now, Minamoto no Noriyo was faithful to Yoritomo, but he died suspiciously after being swept away to Izu on suspicion of rebellion.
Yoritomo's lineage might have continued a little longer if he had spoken openly here with Noriyori and renewed his loyalty and ordered him to be the backing of his sons.
Mysterious death of Minamoto no Yoritomo
As with Noriyori, it is said that many of these things happened in the later years of Yoritomo.
Genpei War and Yoshinaka Kiso Yoshitsune, Yoshitsune, and Oshu subjugation may have exhausted the mind and body, and the original wonderful judgment of Yoritomo may have become dull.
Regarding the matter of her daughter, Ohime's Iriuchi, as a result of her actions ignoring her princess's feelings, Ohime died before her success. Also, Kanezane Kujo , who was the backing of the imperial court. Will be defeated, and Yoritomo's influence on the imperial court will be diminished.
Since there have been few political mistakes so far, mistakes in later years were a mistake as if they had burnout. However, it seems that the leadership of the Gokenin was not overlooked.
Even so, in an attempt to regain the influence of the imperial court, he plans to enter the second daughter, 30,000, but Minamoto no Yoritomo dies before it is realized.
He was 53 years old.
The death is still unknown and as mixed as the Honnoji Incident.
Typical historical materials of the Kamakura period [ Azuma Kagami ] Also, the details are not written, and even the funeral is not written. Azuma Kagami situation, the activity of the Hojo Tokusou family is rigorously emphasized by the third generation of Genji, so it may be possible ~
At that time, Mr. Hojo must have been Tokimasa and Yoshitoki, but what about? ??
Such a delusion may be the real pleasure of learning history.