Since the end of the Edo period, Japan has been on the path to modernization due to the Meiji Restoration due to the exchanges with Western countries and the sense of crisis about the situation in China. However, Western countries are trying to make contact with Japan and China (Qing) after having their own historical trends in Western countries.
When studying the history of modern Japan, I think that if you somehow understand the flow of Western countries, the way you get into your mind will change, so what kind of entanglement was there when Japan was in the Azuchi-Momoyama-Edo period? I will summarize the flow mainly in Western countries (it seems to be heavy, so I will divide it into 3 times).
Events in Japan
Speaking of Sanei-Ketsu in the Warring States period, Nobunaga Oda, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, Ieyasu Tokugawa Three people.
Ieyasu Tokugawa is the person who built the Edo period. Therefore, he was worshiped as "God" and was not named by the word "Sanei-Ketsu" in the Edo period.
Oda is attached, Hashiba is kneaded, Tenkamochi is seated and eaten is Tokugawa
To the extent that Kyoka was born in the latter half of the Edo period, it was famous as the three people who led to the unification of the world. Among them, Nobunaga Oda and Hideyoshi Toyotomi Azuchi-Momoyama era I call it.
Let's start with the administration of the Azuchi-Momoyama era.
What was done under the Oda Nobunaga administration?
Nobunaga Oda was the earliest among the Sanei-Ketsu to reach unification. .. Since it was during the Warring States period that it emerged, many wars continued.
The battle requires funds, weapons, food, and so on. Therefore, I focused on Nanban Trade . It was (trade with Spain, Portugal, etc.). The influx of new goods encourages economic revitalization. In addition to the economic aspect, the most advanced weapons and matchlocks should not be forgotten. A matchlock is a firearm that burns gunpowder and fires a bullet.
However, this matchlock. The main body could be made in Japan, but it was difficult to obtain it because the material for the gunpowder required for ignition, niter, was hardly produced in Japan where it was wet and rainy.
* Since a substance called potassium nitrate, which is a niter, is easily dissolved in water and easily absorbed by plants, an environment such as "no rain" or "no plants growing" is required.
There is also a method of making niter from soil mixed with manure (old soil method), but once it was made, it had to wait 40 to 50 years. Besides, the finished product is small.
Places where natural niter can be obtained are in southern Europe such as Spain and Italy, and inland China. At that time, Ming (China) had banned trade with Japan due to the influence of Wokou, so I bought niter from Ming through the mediation of Portugal.
Also, the Christian missionaries who have been involved in the Nanban trade seem to have been welcomed in the sense of restraining them because they had a hard time with the Buddhist forces during the Warring States period.
It was worth it, and I wanted to go to the unification of the world ... but Nobunaga was in the middle of the road and rebelled against Akechi Mitsuhide ( Honnoji Incident . ) Will kill you. It was Hideyoshi, who was one of Nobunaga's subordinates like Mitsuhide, who noticed this incident and returned first.
What was done under the Toyotomi Hideyoshi administration?
After Nobunaga fell, it was Toyotomi Hideyoshi who defeated Akechi Mitsuhide and controlled the Oda clan's battle for initiative to unify the whole country. is.
A manor born from a land system that has been messed up for a long time with land maintenance Taiko Kenchi Succeeded in eliminating it. Also, sword hunt We will also implement various measures such as.
These systems stabilize the financial base Nationwide uniform land control has become possible In addition, it became difficult to become a samurai from a farmer, so lay the foundation for an identification system It led to that. In addition, picking up weapons has been a frequent prevention since the Warring States period. It also played a role.
* The simple process of creating a mansion is "How was the samurai born?" ].
Among Hideyoshi's policies, the ones to be noted in connection with foreign countries are the Bateren Edict, the Shuinsen Trading, and the roles of Bunroku and Keicho.
What is the Bateren Edict?
Originally Hideyoshi was tolerant of Nanban trade, but suddenly banned Christian missions and deported missionaries in June 1987. Bateren Edict Was issued. Batteren is a Portuguese word meaning "priest".
Why Hideyoshi, who was tolerant of Christianity, suddenly changed his opinion ... The answer is hidden in the area where Christianity was widespread.
Detailed Japanese History Catalog from Yamakawa Shuppansha
You can see that Christian daimyo, Jesuit church facilities, educational institutions, etc. are concentrated in Kyushu. Bateren Edict Hideyoshi Kyushu Campaign until two months before the issue I was doing.
Actually, at the time of this Kyushu Campaign
Let's witness the facts and raise distrust of Christianity in Hideyoshi.
* As will be described later, the slave trade was established in Europe at that time.
During the Warring States period, when Ikko-ikki was frequent, Ikko-ikki and other religions were particularly difficult. It was a rebellion centered on believers (including military commanders), but what if the daimyo takes the lead ??
I have to feel a sense of crisis when I see that the land has been renovated and put in enough to donate. At worst, it could be a stepping stone to colonization. It is said that such circumstances were also behind the issuance of the Bateren Edict.
However, in reality, the trade was established by missionaries because of the inseparable relationship between Christian missionary work and trade, so the Bateren Edict was not thoroughly expelled.
What is Shuinsen Trading? ??
A Shuinjo trade is a trade conducted for a Shuinjo with a Shuinjo, which is an overseas travel permit. It was also carried out in the Ryukyu trade during the Muromachi period, but it is said that it started in earnest under the Toyotomi administration.
As mentioned above, Ming had a Haijin policy against Japan, so only ships with a red seal were trading with China in Southeast Asia. Since the Japanese town was built, you can imagine the prosperity of those days. The Shuinsen trade continues until the Edo period and the policy of isolation is taken.
What is the role of Bunroku and Keicho?
The role of Bunroku from 1592 to 1993 And the role of Keicho from 1997 to 1998 It is a general term for the campaigns that combine. In recent years, the name "Yang Water Monkey" has come up in connection with historical issues, but in the past it was also called the Korean troop dispatch.
There are quite a few theories as to why the troops were dispatched to Korea, and it is not clear, but it seems certain that the troops were dispatched with an eye on Ming. I fought against the Ming army.
The reason for this is the theory of protecting the invasion from Spain (the real reason why Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to Korea was that he had a desire to control Ming, who made the invasion from Spain a cause. ), The theory that makes up for the lack of territory in Japan (← All-color and easy-to-understand history of Sengoku, Seitosha) and the theory of invasion are also said.
After all, Hideyoshi died while attacking and the battle was interrupted. In Japan, this battle invested war expenses and troops and contributed to the decline of the government, eventually Ieyasu Tokugawa . Has seized the status of a world-renowned man.
Let's see what happened in the first half of the Edo period
Edo period Started in 1603 when Ieyasu Tokugawa became a shogun. This time, assuming that the early Edo period was around 1680, I would like to grasp the general flow of what happened. The fifth shogun, Tsunayoshi Tokugawa, became a shogun in 1980.
What was the policy implemented in the early Edo period?
At the beginning of the Edo period, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, a child of Hideyoshi who did not obey Ieyasu (nominally) and inherited the position of Hideyoshi, was in Osaka Castle, so the role of Osaka [Siege of Osaka] There were also battles such as [Siege of Osaka].
Behind the scenes, a national authority system will be steadily established. An approximate foundation was laid by the third shogun, and then a stable government was built.
Sakoku is basically prohibited from entering or leaving. To find out what kind of people worked in the shogunate, see the mechanism of rule of the Edo shogunate.
What was the disaster that occurred in the early Edo period?
Since natural disasters occur frequently after the middle term and affect the finances of the Shogunate, I will touch on the disaster situation in the previous term, but in the case of the first term (compared to the middle term and later), it was a little less. However,
- Kanei Great Famine (1640-1643)
Cowpox spread in western Japan, abnormal weather nationwide, and the eruption of Mt. Was - Meireki Fire (1657)
A large fire broke out to the extent that the castle tower of Edo Castle disappeared, affecting the city planning and firefighting system of Edo.
There are also disasters that have affected the administration later.
* There are many earthquakes at any time. In the first half of the year, the Keicho earthquake, which is said to have occurred in 1605, and the Aizu earthquake, which was 1611, are said to have caused great damage.
Let's see what happened in the world
First of all, what happened to Ming who fought the role of Keicho Bunroku by Hideyoshi Toyotomi? And I would like to follow the trend of Europe that will become important in the future.
Please note that "religious reform" is inevitable when talking about Western Europe, so it is explained from an era dating back to the Edo period.
What happened in China?
Ming has always been Northern Captive Nanya The war broke out while being troubled by (Mongolian people in the north and Wokou in the south). At the time when Hideyoshi invaded Korea, the emperor who did not care about politics was enthroned in that position. What if such an emperor spends his army and military spending on other countries (in the long run) to protect his country?
It's a standard pattern in China, but the tax is raised by the people in the name of opening a silver mine to secure funds, and the eunuch official puts most of the tax in his pocket and puts in the necessary funds. Suffering from tax increases and corruption, the people are rebelling and declining in various parts of the world. It was the Jurchen of the North who contained this turmoil, and in 1616 the new nation Qing . Was founded around Manchuria and reigned as a Chinese dynasty for a long time.
Crusaders' expedition
The stage has changed to Europe. Large-scale expansion of Western Europe began around the 11th century (Heian period in Japan), even before the Edo period. This is the Crusaders' expedition.
It all started when a country under pressure from Islamic forces sought help from the Western European world and attempted to recapture it because Christians monopolized the common sanctuary of Christianity and Islam.
The result of the Crusaders' expedition failed. As a result, how Europe has changed is
- The authority of the Pope at the beginning of the statement declines
- The authority of the kings of the commanding countries will increase
- The city prospers due to the movement of the Crusaders
→ Trade is flourishing due to the trading of munitions, etc.
It's like this. The fact that the Crusaders made an expedition in the first place means that society as a whole could afford the European world to carry out large-scale expeditions many times.
Therefore, the trade around this time was not only the route from the Mediterranean Sea to the east, but also the trade with the Northern European commercial area (North Sea / Baltic Sea coast) was established. The fact that the sea line of communication also passed around the present Netherlands in this trade with Northern Europe will be a stepping stone to the later trading power.
* ↑ Champagne region:Regular city, Flanders region:The woolen industry was famous and prospered. The Lombard League is a city alliance for common interests. The Hanseatic League was created for the same purpose as Lombardy, but in the 14th century it expanded into a large political force that dominated the commercial sphere of Northern Europe.
What happened due to the loss of authority of the church?
As for the church, the movement to regain the authority has started, but on the contrary, it is regarded as a criticism and unreasonable crackdown is carried out. So-called witch trials and inquisitions are one of them (there were other reasons besides the crackdown).
It became decisive during the time of Pope Leo X, who became Pope in 1513.
Indulgence issued for those who are unable to pilgrimage due to difficulties such as church alms and renovation of the church. It had been used as an easy means of collecting money due to the outburst of (reducing the atonement for sins), but it became even worse during Leo X.
The church is indulgence When selling
Avoid all kinds of sins
And, with the hype that we now call, Rome's St. Peter's Basilica It was put up for sale because of the new construction fund. The person who waited for this was Luther. Luther was a respectful Christian and only pointed out that "every sin" was strange, but the Pope took the point as criticism and made a lot of noise.
The reason was that Leo X, who was from a wealthy Italian trade center, was in a situation of indulgence in order to repay the debt for his luxury life (← Luther). I don't know).
* The reason why the Medici family began to invest in art is that the history of the Medici family (external site), which greatly grew Italian art from "rich money", is easy to understand. It was.
In addition, Luther's hometown of Germany, the highest priest, and a great man who owed a large amount of debt to obtain funds for the donation necessary for taking a politically important post, said that he was a debt collector. I was colluding and provoking a redemption letter.
* By the way, this debt collector is the same person who lent money to Leo X.
Humans tend to get angry when they are hit by a painful place. There was something I wanted to blame, so it might have been reasonable to regard it as a criticism.
Religious reform began with this event, and it was divided into Catholic and Protestant.
The Catholic Church on the divided side diminished its influence and later became an outward activity in the form of "promotion." Among them, Spain and Portugal, which have been engaged in the national land restoration movement (Reconquista) in a rush with the Islamic world, were enthusiastic about missionary activities. From here Age of Discovery Begins and Americas is discovered it was done.
* This time, I mainly explain religion in connection with Japanese history, but the Kikake during the Age of Discovery also has another aspect of developing trade routes. For more information, please refer to "Events that were the key to the Age of Discovery."
Jesuits who came to Japan for the first time to convey Christianity Francis Xavier Also from Spain. Mr. Xavier seemed to appreciate Japan quite a lot, and that word made him decide to visit Perry later. History is connected.
It seems that there was such a behind-the-scenes reason that Japan, which was wary of Christianity after twists and turns, lost exchanges with Spain and Portugal, which are the main missionaries.
The following is a brief summary of the trends in each country since then.
Economic changes in Europe
Among them, the spice trade in Southeast Asia will be a rush in Britain and the Netherlands (1623). At this time, the Netherlands eventually gained an advantage, and Britain sought a transit point for trade with Asia from the Cape Colony in South Africa. In addition, the UK should also focus on managing India (from South Africa it would be too far to Japan to be profitable, and eventually withdrew from Japan).
Furthermore, in the three Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-54) that occurred in both countries, Britain had the upper hand, and at the end of the 17th century, it had a considerable advantage in the battle for dispatch of world trade.
In the 17th century, Europe was hit by bad harvests, recessions, plagues, and population stagnation, and in the middle of the century, it entered an era of crisis that affected society and the economy as a whole. After this crisis, in Europe, the state intervenes in the economy and enriches its own mercantilist . You will come to take an economic policy called.
This mercantilist was the impetus for the expansion of Europe into the United States and Asia in search of colonies.
Establishment of triangular trade
From the illustrated world history that can be seen in his illustrations in one book
After advancing to the Americas, tea and coffee began to be drunk in Europe, and demand for sugar increased. Sugarcane plantations in Brazil and the West Indies (Large farm) begins to be developed.
The development of plantations requires a lot of manpower, but in the Americas, the indigenous population has plummeted due to infectious diseases and hard labor brought by Europeans. It was supplemented by black African slaves, who reached their peak in the latter half of the 18th century and continued until the 19th century.
This triangular trade Then, it brought great profits to Britain, France, etc., and later Industrial Revolution On the other hand, the damage on the west coast of Africa was enormous and contributed to the influence to date.