1. Oral Communication:
1. Verbal messages passed on through stories, legends, and oral traditions.
2. Conversational speech between individuals for information exchange.
3. Public speaking by leaders, rulers, or important figures.
4. Songs, chants, and poetry as a form of expression, story-telling, and religious rituals.
2. Non-Verbal Communication:
1. Gestures, hand signals, and body language conveying messages without words.
2. Sign language using hand positions and movements to represent thoughts and concepts.
3. Smoke signals by emitting short and dense puffs of smoke in patterns (Native American tribes).
4. Visual signals or flags with different colors and patterns indicating various meanings (Military, Naval).
3. Written Communication:
1. Hieroglyphics, picture-like symbols denoting sounds, words, or objects (Ancient Egypt).
2. Cuneiform, wedge-shaped characters imprinted on clay tablets (Ancient Mesopotamia).
3. Pictographs, simplified pictorial representation of ideas using images or symbols.
4. Cave paintings depicting scenes or events through visual representation.
5. Rock inscriptions with text or drawings carved into surfaces of rocks and stones.
6. Clay tablets for record-keeping, letters, laws, and administration (Mesopotamia).
7. Ostraca, inscribed pottery sherds used for daily notes (Ancient Greece and Egypt).
8. Seals and cylinder seals pressed onto wet clay (Mesopotamia) imprinting identifying marks.
9. Codex, early bound manuscripts consisting of sheets (Mesoamerica and Mayan civilization).
10. Roll papyrus: Parchment-like sheets made from papyrus reeds in ancient Egypt, written with ink.
11. Bamboo strips and wooden slips tied together as book formats (Ancient China).
12. Scrolls, parchment or papyrus sheets rolled up to record longer writings (Greek, Roman).
4. Visual Signals:
1. Beacon fires used to transmit warnings, signals, or alert distant communities.
2. Signal towers placed at strategic points with fire or smoke indications (China, Persia).
3. Heliographs, using mirrors to reflect beams of sunlight for long-distance signaling.
4. Flares or burning arrows shot into the air as distress signals or as part of military strategies.
5. Drum signals of varying tones and rhythms conveying instructions for gatherings, wars, hunting, etc.
6. Incan and Andean Quipu Knot system representing data through colored ropes with knotted strings.
7. Wampum Belt communication, where Native American tribes used belts of different shell beads arranged in patterns.
5. Communication Systems:
1. Pony Express and horse-riding messengers who relayed urgent messages with horses during the 19th century.
2. Courier systems involving messengers on foot or by vehicles to transfer correspondence between locations.
3. Ancient Persian Royal Road and驛傳(Ekiden) Relay for conveying urgent news over long distances.
4. The Pigeon or Dove Carrier system for message transportation over longer distances by trained birds
(used till medieval period).
5. Ancient African Talking Drums that communicated using different rhythms between tribes and villages.
6. Incan system of chasquis, professional runners to quickly transmit information within the empire.
7. Caravan-based communication on ancient trading routes such as the Silk Road via traveling merchants.
These communication methods evolved throughout history, each reflecting diverse cultures, civilizations, technological advancements, and the ingenuity of ancient civilizations in connecting and spreading information across time and geographical zones.